Health

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• Purple= headings Green= sub headings Orange= Listing headings Outlined Pink=Additional informationBlue= definitionsGreen outline- examples

1. A state of complete physical, social and mental well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1946)
2. Determinants of health
   1. The Social (Economic) Determinants of Health
      1. Refers to the social and environmental conditions in which people live and grow- they can influence health
      2. The social Gradient of Health
         1. Exists across society and involves the relationship between a populations health status and the populations social status.
         2. Those with a poorer social status such as having no access to education and work will be more likely to have shorter life expectancies and have a higher risk of developing serious illnesses.
      3. Stress
         1. Can be caused by a number of factors- work, study, relationships etc. Ongoing stress can impact health by causing anxiety, low self-esteem, insecurity, lack of control and social isolation.
      4. Early Life
         1. A supportive and healthy early experience can increases better health outcomes. Early education and foetal care influence health later in life
      5. Work
         1. Having a job is better than having no job, although having control over ones work leads to better health. Unemployment puts health at risk as it can lead to inability to purchase basic neccessities
      6. Transport
         1. Transportation can influence heath by the amount of exercise one gets- cycling or walking can also decrease air pollution and increase social interaction. Remote areas have limited access to close health services such as hospitals and food stores
      7. Food
         1. Food insecurity is a leading cause for malnutrition and poor health- A good diet and access to food is central to good health however over eating can lead to overweight/obesity which is linked with a number of health problems and premature death.
      8. Addiction
         1. Contributes to worse health outcomes- smoking, alcohol, illicit drug addictions- increases risk of chronic illness. Drug use is associated with social and economic disadvantages.
      9. Social Exclusion
         1. Poverty, deprivation and social exclusion have a major impact on health
      10. Social Support
          1. Social support is important for good health- social interaction provides people with the emotional and physical support they- good social groups encourages healthy behaviour patterns.
      11. SDOH For Indigenous Australians
          1. Education and literaacy
          2. Stress
          3. Early life, healthy child development
          4. Unemployment, working conditions
          5. Social support
          6. Social exclusion
          7. Gender
          8. Discrimination
          9. Addiction
          10. Food insecurity
   2. The range of behavioural, biological, socio-economic and environmental factors that influence the health status of an individual and population. (WHO, 1998)
   3. Biological Determinants of Health
      1. Genetics
         1. Single-gene
            1. E.g. Cystic fibrosis
         2. Chromosomal
            1. E.g.Down syndrome
         3. Multifactorial
            1. Biological Approach to Health- Almost all diseases have a genetic component however has multiple determinants/factors that interact with genes
         4. Mitochondrial DNA-linked
      2. Body Structure
         1. Height
         2. Waist-hip ratio
         3. weight
         4. Bone density
      3. Body Functioning
         1. Blood pressure
         2. Nutritional status
         3. Biochemical status
         4. Sensory function
         5. Fitness
         6. Movement and balance
         7. Strength and function
      4. Physiological, somatic (body), cellular, molecular, organic and genetic affects or characteristics of the body that directly and measurably influence health.
         1. Non-modifiable- genetically inherited diseases but experience and access to treatment is related to the DoH
         2. Modifiable- Course of a disease with a genetic profile can be altered through environmental changes
   4. Physical (environmental) Determinants of Health
      1. Water Quality
      2. Air Quality
         1. Pollution
      3. Climate and geography
         1. Climate change is associated with heat-waves, extreme weather and precipitation which can lead to temperature and extreme weather related deaths, air-pollution and nutritional health effects, and water, food and vector-borne diseases.
      4. Built environment
         1. Poor Housing
         2. lack of local shops supporting localisation
      5. Food safety
      6. Land and soil quality
   5. Behavioural Determinants of Health
      1. Behavioural DOH For Indigenous Australians
         1. Tobacco
         2. High body mass
         3. physical inactivity
         4. illicit drugs
         5. alcohol
         6. High BP and cholesterol
         7. Partner violence and child sexual abuse
         8. Low fruit and vege intake
3. Health Inequalities
   1. Health equality aims to give all people the same things in order to enjoy a healthy life.
   2. Health inequality is preventable and measurable. It is the unjust differences in health status experienced by different populations
4. Health Inequities
   1. Inequalities in health which are deemed to be unfair or stemming from some form of injustice. Inequities arise from a populations conditions and resources.
   2. Health equity are the rights of people to have equitable access to resources and services that give them the basic needs to be able to live well. It aims to understand and provide people with what they need in order to enjoy a healthy life
5. Health (care) System
   1. System which involves all the activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore or maintain health.
   2. Primary Health Care
      1. Community-based, entry level
      2. E.g. Midwifery services, nurses, dentists, pharmacists,
   3. Secondary Health Care
      1. More serious, usually referred, requires more specialists skills/tools
      2. E.g. Hospitals or specialists such as psychiatrist, orthaepedics
   4. Tertiary Health Care
      1. Specialist services, highly advanced facilities, fewer in number
      2. E.g. Larger Hospitals and highly specialised professionals and treatment such as cancer treatment, cardiac surgery, neurosurgery
   5. Health System Blocks
      1. Health System Blocks A
         1. Service Delivery
         2. Access to Essential Medicines
         3. Health Workforce
         4. Information Workforce
         5. Financing
         6. Governance
      2. Health System Blocks B
         1. Access
         2. Coverage
         3. Quality
         4. Safety
      3. Health System Blocks C-(aim)
         1. Better Health
         2. Responsive
         3. Social and financial risk protection
         4. Improved Efficiency
6. Health Promotion
   1. Health promotion its the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health (WHO,2005)
   2. Ottawa Charter For Health Promotion (WHO, 1986)
      1. 8 Key Determinants (Prerequisites)
         1. Peace
         2. Shekter
         3. Education
         4. Food
         5. Income
         6. Stable Eco-system
         7. Sustainable Resources
         8. Social Justice & equity
      2. Strategies to Promote Health
         1. Enable
            1. Working with communities and individuals to take control over their health and environment through education and empowerment
         2. Advocate
            1. Efforts by the individuals or groups to gain political commitment and social acceptance in order to change laws, policy that impact populations health
         3. Mediate
            1. To work between conflicting interests in society to change external factors that influence health and wellbeing
         4. Build capacity
            1. Is a set of processes (or strategies) that build infrastructure, program sustainability and problem solving
         5. Health Promotion strategies work through settings which are physical locations which health promotion may be undertaken. E.g. schools, workplace or cities etc.
      3. Actions (BCSDR- bad cats smell dead rats)
         1. Build Healthy Public Policy
         2. Create supportive environments
         3. Strengthen community Action
         4. Develop personal Skills
         5. Re-orient Health Services
   3. Health Promotion Theories
      1. Empowerment theory
         1. Inclusion & developing skills so people have better control of their health
      2. Socio-ecological theory
         1. recognises environments are influenced by multiple factors- different actions are needed
      3. PLace-based Theory
         1. Core concepts include integrated planning, partnerships, targeting struggling communities
      4. Systems Thinking
         1. Focuses on the big picture- what is occurring within the systems and do the subsystems affect eachother
7. Marginalised Populations
   1. Marginality
      1. Occurs when particular population groups are affected by multiple types of disadvantage
   2. Intersectionality
      1. Helps us understand how people or groups experience aspects of marginalisation. Focuses on intersections between socially constructed identities, power and privialage/oppression
   3. Stigma
      1. Stigma is a label people get which is associated with characteristics and associated with a negative association
   4. Social Inclusion & exclusion