6516033
Description
Mind Map by Sophie Taylor, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Sophie Taylor
over 7 years ago
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Attribution
- What is attribution theory? - Attribution theory looks at the reasons
given by coaches and players themselves to acccount for sucesses
and faliures in sport. The study of attribution has been shown by
Weiner in 1971 to have powerful implications for
achievement-related behaviour. There are strong links between
attribution and achievement motivation. Weiner's model is
structured on two dimensions... 1. Locus of Causality 2. Stability
- The Locus of Causality dimension
indicates whether the attribution
relates to factors that are either internal
or external to the performer. Effort and
ability represent internal factors while
task difficulty and luck are external and
known as environmental factors.
- Stability indicates whether attributions are stable
or unstable. Stability refers to the degree of
permanence associated with an attribution factor.
A stable factor is considered permanent and
unchangeable, for example ability. An unstable
factor, by contrast, is temporary and can be
changed. Luck is an example of an unstable factor.
- Control, is a third dimension of the
attribution model. It is a key factor
in the important process of
attribution retraining.
- The Locus of Causality dimension
indicates whether the attribution
relates to factors that are either internal
or external to the performer. Effort and
ability represent internal factors while
task difficulty and luck are external and
known as environmental factors.
- Reasons for success and failure... In general, the coach should attribute failure to external causes in
order to sustain confidence and to give reassurance that achievement is a realistic expectation in the
future. External factors take away the responsibility of the loss from the players. This would help to
maintain self esteem, sustain motivation and restore pride and confidence. An example of external
attributions would be to suggest the opposition were lucky. Luck is a changeable environmental
factor. Internal attributions should be used to reinforce success for example achievement is the result
of ability. Internal attributions for success would elevate confidence and endorse future expectation
of high achievement.
- High achievers, or people who adopt approach
behaviour, tend to attribute success to internal
factors, for example high ability level. This will
result in greater effort. Failure, on the other hand is
put down to external variables such as bad luck.
Failure, therefore, is seen as a temporary set back.
This is known as attribution bias or self serving bias.
As a consequence, high achievers tend to remain
persistent in the face of failure. This is a positive
application of attribution. Consistent achievement
and positive application of attribution would
encourage mastery orientation. This is likely to
encourage a physically active lifestyle.
- Low achievers or people who adopt avoidance behaviour tend to
attribute a lack of success to internal factors, such as lack of
ability. Low achievers also tend to attribute success to external
factors; for example achievement was the outcome of luck. This
type of attribution would take away confidence and reduce
expectation of future achievement. This is negative application
of attribution. Repeated failure and negative application of
attribution would cause the athlete to experienced learned
helplessness. This condition may cause an individual to avoid an
activity and drop out of participation all together.
- Attribution bias or self serving bias, refers to the
performer's belief that the separate attributions
given for success and failure never change. For
example, the performer may feel that failure is
always due to poor ability or success occurs
because of good luck. These factors may have
become for the performer a state of mind and
may not be the true reasons for the outcome.
- High achievers, or people who adopt approach
behaviour, tend to attribute success to internal
factors, for example high ability level. This will
result in greater effort. Failure, on the other hand is
put down to external variables such as bad luck.
Failure, therefore, is seen as a temporary set back.
This is known as attribution bias or self serving bias.
As a consequence, high achievers tend to remain
persistent in the face of failure. This is a positive
application of attribution. Consistent achievement
and positive application of attribution would
encourage mastery orientation. This is likely to
encourage a physically active lifestyle.
- Attribution Retraining - It is unlikely that external attributions alone can change
consistent failure into success, nor will they convert learned helplessness into mastery
orientation. Attribution retraining involves changing the performer's perception of the
causes of failure. The belief that poor ability is the cause of failure is changed into a
belief that a lack of effort was the most important attributional factor in failure.
- As an internal and stable attribution, ability is a direct reflection of
personal competence and, significantly, the individual has no way
of changing it. The application of effort is unstable. Effort
attributions are also internal so that the individual can experience
pride in any positive changes. Effort is a particularly valuable
attribution as it can be controlled by the performer. It is a fear of
having no control over failure that underpins learned helplessness.
Attribution retraining therefore involves focusing the reason for
failure onto internal, unstable and controllable factors.
- The process of attribution retraining can be
justified because it can help to raise confidence,
convert avoidance behaviour, and encourage
mastery orientation within an individual. This will
promote the likelihood of lifelong sports
participation.
- As an internal and stable attribution, ability is a direct reflection of
personal competence and, significantly, the individual has no way
of changing it. The application of effort is unstable. Effort
attributions are also internal so that the individual can experience
pride in any positive changes. Effort is a particularly valuable
attribution as it can be controlled by the performer. It is a fear of
having no control over failure that underpins learned helplessness.
Attribution retraining therefore involves focusing the reason for
failure onto internal, unstable and controllable factors.
- Evaluate critically the effects of attribution on performance
and on sustaining a balanced, active and healthy lifestyle
- There is a link between aggression
and goal orientation. Kavussanu
(1997) proposed that ego-orientated
athletes in competitive situations
were more likely to display aggressive
behaviour with the intent to injure an
opponent, than were the
task-orientated athletes.
- In conclusion, it could be said that the processes of
attribution and attribution retraining influence the
development of self-esteem and task orientation. In
turn, according to Roberts et al (1997), task goals
facilitate a lifestyle that is both active and physical.
- There is a link between aggression
and goal orientation. Kavussanu
(1997) proposed that ego-orientated
athletes in competitive situations
were more likely to display aggressive
behaviour with the intent to injure an
opponent, than were the
task-orientated athletes.
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