736281
Description
Mind Map by Lambylittle, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lambylittle
about 10 years ago
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Water World
- The Planet
- Lakes and Rivers 0.3%
- Groundwater/ permafrost 30.8%
- Glaciers/snow cover 68.9%
- Hydrosphere
- 97.5% Saltwater (1,365,000,000 km 3)
- 2.5% Freshwater (35,000,000 km 3)
- Hydrological Cycle
- Water is recycled through a number of processes.
- Water circulates through the biosphere and back to the atmosphere.
- Water circulates through the biosphere and back to the atmosphere.
- Evaporation
- Transfer of water from liquid to gas
- Depends on the temperature; higher: more
- Depends on the temperature; higher: more
- Transfer of water from liquid to gas
- Transpiration and Evapotranspiration
- Liquid water from plants returns to atmosphere as a gas
- Liquid water from plants returns to atmosphere as a gas
- Condensation
- Water vapour becomes water
- When cooled
- Result is clouds or mist/fog
- Result is clouds or mist/fog
- When cooled
- Water vapour becomes water
- Precipitation
- Rain/snow/hail, etc, from clouds.
- Rain/snow/hail, etc, from clouds.
- Surface run off and groundwater flow
- Precipitation reaches the ground and infiltrates into the ground OR will run along the surface of
the ground.
- Runs into rivers
- Runs into rivers
- Precipitation reaches the ground and infiltrates into the ground OR will run along the surface of
the ground.
- Streamflow
- Groundwater flow/surface run off reaches rivers/streams and flows to oceans
- Groundwater flow/surface run off reaches rivers/streams and flows to oceans
- Water is recycled through a number of processes.
- 97.5% Saltwater (1,365,000,000 km 3)
- Lakes and Rivers 0.3%
- Insufficient water supply
- Why?
- Rising demand due to changing land use. EG: Commercial farming
- Rising demand due to population increase
- Falling supply due to climate change
- Leads to water stress
- Leads to water stress
- Falling supply as neighbouring countries take water from rivers on or near borders
- Increased industry and farming demand more water
- Increase in wealth means more people have to power washing machines, etc
- Global warming reduces rainfall
- Higher Temperatures increases evaporation
- Rising demand due to changing land use. EG: Commercial farming
- CASE STUDY: SAHEL
- Why?
- Water pollution
- 5 million people die a year of water-borne diseases
- Water is polluted by industrial waste
- Toxic waste from mines
- Toxic runs into rivers and groundwater, in Heap-leach mining
- Now banned in many US states to prevent this.
- Now banned in many US states to prevent this.
- Toxic runs into rivers and groundwater, in Heap-leach mining
- Plant fertilisers
- Nitrates run into rivers and lakes, causing eutrophication
- Kills animals due to lack of oxygen as plants and algae cannot photosynthesise
- Kills animals due to lack of oxygen as plants and algae cannot photosynthesise
- Nitrates run into rivers and lakes, causing eutrophication
- Chemical waste
- Water can be polluted by poisonous arsenic, flourine and sulphates, such as in China where 980 million people drink this everyday
- Water can be polluted by poisonous arsenic, flourine and sulphates, such as in China where 980 million people drink this everyday
- Radioactive Waste
- Nuclear waste remains dangerous for thousands of years
- Storing it is risky as leaks could occur
- Storing it is risky as leaks could occur
- Nuclear waste remains dangerous for thousands of years
- Toxic waste from mines
- 5 million people die a year of water-borne diseases
- Human interference
- Deforestation
- Without trees, surface run off and transpiration cannot occur
- Infiltration decreases
- Can cause floods, as trees cannot interfere with rainfall
- Without trees, surface run off and transpiration cannot occur
- Over-abstraction
- People take more groundwater than is being replaced by precipitation
- Farmers use pumps which are supplied with cheaper electricity
- There is none left for local people if all abstracted by companies
- People take more groundwater than is being replaced by precipitation
- Deforestation
- Water management projects
- Dams
- Generate HEP
- Control water flow
- Reduce floods
- Water stored in reservoirs can be used for local people and farmers
- Can disrupt local people and habitats
- Very costly
- CASE STUDY: 3 gorges dam
- Generate HEP
- Small scale management
- Rainwater harvesting
- Cheap to set up and run
- Can be managed by locals
- Cheap to set up and run
- Rainwater harvesting
- Dams
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