London Docklands Regeneration

The Development
1. The London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) ran the development from 1981 to 1998
  1. Why?
    1. The governments response to the severe economic, physical and social damage caused by the closing of the docks
2. Objects/aims to secure the regeneration
  1. Bringing land and buildings into effective use
  2. Encouraging development of industry and commerce
  3. Creating an attrictive environment and ensuring there is housing and social facilities
    1. To encourage people to live and work in the area
3. The 4 key powers needed
  1. Land aquisition
  2. Power to give planning permission
  3. Power to renew infrastructure
  4. Channel for central government resources
4. Funded by a central government grant and the sales of land
Timeline of the regeneration (The 3 phases)
1. Phase 1- Putting it on the map (1981-1986)
  1. Chose not to fill in the docks
  2. Selling the area
  3. Building the Dockland Light Railway (DLR)
  4. Starting an infrastructure programme
  5. Establishing a private housing market
  6. Clinching Canary Wharf
  7. Tense relationship with Boroughs
2. Phase 2- Building community infrastructure (1987-1990)
  1. Increased spending on social housing, health, education and training
  2. Increased community staff
  3. Increased support for community organisations
  4. Improved relationship with Boroughs
  5. Continued spending on infrastructure programme
  6. Property market falls into recession- less private investment
3. Phase 3- Balanced programme (1991-1998)
  1. Substantial community programme (8000 homes refurbed)
  2. Property market recovers
  3. Schemes for the Royals (place) launched
  4. Progressive withdrawal from 1994
Successes
1. £1.86 billion invested by the public sector
2. £7.7 billion invested by the private sector
3. 144km of new and improved roads
4. 25 million sq feet of commercial/industrial floorspace built
5. 1884 acres of derelict land reclaimed
6. 24,000 houses built
7. 2,700 businesses trading
8. Contributions to 5 new health centres
9. Funding towards 16 schools of various ages
10. 85,000 now work there
11. More different ways to pay for housing
12. Substantial benefits for local communities and residents
13. Created an additional 23,000 jobs
14. Transport developments
  1. Extending the London Underground- the Jubiliee Line
  2. Developing the Docklands Light Railway
  3. New road links
  4. London City Airport provides easy access to the city from European cities
Causes of the decline/ pre- regeneration
1. Counter- urbanisation
  1. Clearance of slums and bomb damaged areas after WW2
  2. People moved out of London to take advantage of cheaper house prices, but still commute to London for work
  3. Became detached from the rest of London due to no transport network
2. De-industrialisation
  1. In the 1980s goods produced by UK industries were more expensive than overseas making British products expensive
  2. Rotterdam took over as Europe's largest port
  3. Government encouraged a post-industrial economy - under Margaret Thatcher
3. Closing of the docks
  1. Ships increased in size so other docks with larger water were better
  2. Container ships and computerisation replaced the need for people to load/unload ships by hand
  3. Economic decline caused population decline as people left to find work elsewhere
  4. 12,000 jobs lost between 1978 and 1983
Effects of the regeneration
1. Benefits
  1. Economic
    1. More high skilled jobs with higher income
    2. One of the top financial cities in the world
      1. Improving trade links
    3. 3 CBDs attracting investment and tourism
    4. Gentrification
      1. More money in the area
    5. Longer working hours give higher wages
  2. Social
    1. Same amount of jobs lost were regained when new businesses moved in
    2. Improved transport links making it easier for people to get around
  3. Environmental
    1. Dramatically improved infrastructure in the environment
    2. Due to 2012 Olympics land use has changed from industrial
      1. Increasing the environmental quality
2. Negatives
  1. Economic
    1. Surrounding areas haven't been helped economically (no spillovers)
  2. Social
    1. Gentrification pushed locals out of the area
    2. House prices too high for average income earners to afford
    3. Life expectancy drop by 9 years due to poor air quality
    4. Drove a social wedge between Londoners due to inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth
    5. Jobs are too high skilled so locals struggled to find new jobs
  3. Environmental
    1. No investment in the environment
      1. No open spaces for people to enjoy
    2. Poor air quality due to construction
    3. Surrounding towns like 'Canning Town' were left derelict

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London Docklands Regeneration

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	Created by Eleanor Hurst over 7 years ago