749095
Description
Mind Map by sarah_opie, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by sarah_opie
about 10 years ago
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Institutional Aggression
- The Importation Model
AO1 - Characteristics
that prisoners bring
inside with them.
Cheeseman (2003) Men
in prison have a certain
way of behaving
(probably why they are
in prison in the first
place) and they apply
this behaviour to their
new institutional setting.
- A01- Mills, Kroner and Weekes (1998) studied
prisoners admitted to a canadian prison
using the alcohol dependency scale (ADS)
and found inmates who had higher levels of
dependence were associated with more
aggression shown in prison.
- Demographic variables that seem
to influence aggression in prisons
are race and age. Studies in USA
have shown that non-whites and
younger prisoners are more likely to
be aggressive whilst incarcerated.
Kane and Janus (1981) say that is
because these groups are more
likely to be separated from
mainstream society's norms which
promote pro-social behaviour and
infact they could live in a subculture
where aggression is valued,
respected and reinforced- this may
have influenced them to be
aggressive in many contexts e.g.
the home, neighbourhood and the
prison institution. This is called
being "disenfranchised" as they
have taken their beliefs from home
into the prison setting.
- A02- Supporting Evidence DeLisi (2004) looked at records of 831 male
inmates from SW USA to look at the prison violence records of inmates
involved in street gangs and prison gangs. There was a small but significant
relationship between gang membership and prison aggression - maybe
subcultural values had been imported into prisons by gang members. This
means that the importation model is accurate and especially the
disenfranchised aspect because they are importing their beliefs from home
into prisons.
- A02- Evidence to Contradict- DeLisi's research is correlational. Correlational studies only allow us to
establish a relationship but not a cause and effect relationship so we don't know if gang membership
causes prison aggression or if prison aggression leads to gang membership, also we have little
control over extraneous variables so other factors may explain aggression in institutions e.g. the
environment. This means that the importation model as an explanation for institutional aggression
may be invalid as correlational research doesn't allow us to establish a cause and effect relationship
between variables.
- A02- Evidence to criticise- This model doesn't take into account the influence of
mental health problems and addiction to drugs and alcohol. MIND the charity
for people with mental health disorders, found that over 70% of the prison
population has mental health or addiction problems, this in itself could be the
cause of violent behaviour in the institutions. This is supported by the fact that
in the UK the rate of suicide in the prison population is 14 times higher than in
the rest of the population. This questions the validity of the importation model
as an explanation for institutional aggression as it may not be down to just the
disenfranchised aspects and other factors may be a better explanation such
as mental health or addiction problems.
- AO1- The Situational Model. Paterline and Peterson (1999) believe that
institutional aggression occurs due to the stressful and oppressive
situation of the institution and not the personal characteristics which
people bring inside with them. It is the situation not dispositional factors
which causes the problem e.g in prisons there is often overcrowding,
lack of personal space and very little natural light which can all lead to
an individual feeling oppressed and frustrated/violent.
- A01- Sykes 5 deprivations. Liberty- prisoner not trusted to live in the free
world, rejected by society e.g. wear numbers & uniforms and have to ask
before they eat, sleep and shower. Autonomy- prisoners have no power
and few choices to make can lead to feelings of helplessness and this
frustration can turn into aggression, often told what to do. Goods and
Services- Inmates don't have their possessions, gives prisoners a sense of
failure. Heterosexual relationships- Being denied heterosexual relationships
reduces their self-worth.Also opportunity for homosexual behaviour can
cause anxiety. Security- fear for safety, other prisoners aggressive and
violent.
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