897168
Description
Mind Map by tiffragbourne, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by tiffragbourne
almost 10 years ago
|
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Retail, cosumption, commodity chains, brands
- Retail + Consumption
- GEOG of r + c
- 1) Retail sector +
regulatory state
- traditional power of
government = eroded
- GOVERMENT ->
GOVERNANCE
- GOVERMENT ->
GOVERNANCE
- increased power of retail sectors
- TNCs
- TNCs
- traditional power of
government = eroded
- 2) corporate cultures
- importance of brand/branding
= image of retail outlet
- symbolism of retailers - ETHOS,
VALUES
- relations with suppliers
+ consumers
- relations with suppliers
+ consumers
- symbolism of retailers - ETHOS,
VALUES
- Retail - manufacture
relationship
- retailers = call the shots
- make decisions about
what is put on shelves
- retailers = call the shots
- importance of brand/branding
= image of retail outlet
- LABOUR-MARKET
- Fordism -> post fordism
- social divisions of
labour - massey
- shift to -> service
sector jobs
- shift to -> emotional labour e.g.
working on shop floor
- shift to -> emotional labour e.g.
working on shop floor
- social divisions of
labour - massey
- flexible labour
- part-time
- feminism at work
- part-time
- Fordism -> post fordism
- 1) Retail sector +
regulatory state
- NEW RETAIL GEOGRAPHY -
Wrigley + Lowe 2010
- HISTORY
- up to 1970s = PRODUCER
DRIVEN ECONONOMY
- FORDISM
- FORDISM
- LATE 1970S -> rise of
the service sector
- consumer choice in
developing markets
- consumer choice in
developing markets
- cultural geog of
cosumption
- up to 1970s = PRODUCER
DRIVEN ECONONOMY
- RESTRUCTURING
- 1990s - Shift production ->
COSUMPTION (driven economy)
- POST FORDISM
- POST FORDISM
- underlying theory = MARXISM
- CAUSES
- concentration of
capital = fewer
players = more
significant
- development of LARGE
RETAIL CORPORATIONS
- TNCS/MNCs
- TNCS/MNCs
- Elimination of
INDEPENDENT
RETAILERS
- LOCATIONAL MODELS
- SPATIAL = demonstrates CONSUMER
PREFERENCE for particular BRANDS of goods and
their LOCATIONS.
- preference for: 1) use gained from a particular
brand’s characteristics 2) geographic location
- form an enhanced = “product
characteristic space
- E.G. 1) Consumers are
now willing to sacrifice
pleasure from products
for a closer geographic
location
- consumers realize high costs for products that are located
far from their spatial point (e.g. transportation costs, time,
etc.
- also for products
that deviate from
their ideal features
- consumers realize high costs for products that are located
far from their spatial point (e.g. transportation costs, time,
etc.
- E.G. 2) consumer get more
pleasure from products further
geographic location
- Firms = GREATER MARKET POWER WHEN THEY
SATIFY THE COSUMERS DEMAND FOR
PRODUCTS AT CLOSER DISTANCE/PREFFERED
PRODUCT
- ideals
- Firms = GREATER MARKET POWER WHEN THEY
SATIFY THE COSUMERS DEMAND FOR
PRODUCTS AT CLOSER DISTANCE/PREFFERED
PRODUCT
- E.G. 1) Consumers are
now willing to sacrifice
pleasure from products
for a closer geographic
location
- form an enhanced = “product
characteristic space
- preference for: 1) use gained from a particular
brand’s characteristics 2) geographic location
- SPATIAL = demonstrates CONSUMER
PREFERENCE for particular BRANDS of goods and
their LOCATIONS.
- concentration of
capital = fewer
players = more
significant
- 1990s - Shift production ->
COSUMPTION (driven economy)
- HISTORY
- changing geog
- LANDSCAPE -
- moving locations
- to suburbia and back again
- to suburbia and back again
- superstores in sub - 1990 - planning
presure/environmental awareness =
inner cities
- globalisation
- store networks over seas
- development of
supply chains
- store networks over seas
- e.g. TESCOS -
international
presence -
succesful in east -
s.e asia - failed in
US - fragility
- moving locations
- POWER
- 3 perspecitves
- cosumer soverignity
- Rational economic agents = individual choice
- symbolism = jessops
- Rational economic agents = individual choice
- cosumbers as dupes
- forced into believing they need
commodities
- influened by branding
- influened by branding
- forced into believing they need
commodities
- culturalist perspective
- active subjects - infomed by
wider social economic structure
- walmart = spreading of
western ideas of
cosumption
- active subjects - infomed by
wider social economic structure
- cosumer soverignity
- walmart = represent global
economy = v.powerful =
international = product of
glob = spreading of
western ideas of
cosumption
- 3 perspecitves
- SPACES of
cosumption
- mall
- department store
- mall = extension of
department store
- economic +
cultural geog
- EMILE LOLA 1883
- au bon heur des dames = ladies
paradise
- au bon heur des dames = ladies
paradise
- retail + capital
accumlation
- cultures of consumption
- effected by gender
- corporate
strategies
- get rid of commodites
asap = get money = buy
more commodites
- get rid of commodites
asap = get money = buy
more commodites
- effected by gender
- mall = extension of
department store
- focus 1980/90 -
sociologist 'rise of
bubble world'
- psudo realities - leaisure
spaces attracting cosumers
- heavily branded culture
- heavily branded culture
- psudo realities - leaisure
spaces attracting cosumers
- department store
- alternative
- car boot sales
- car boot sales
- street
- themepark
- e,g, HP
- comsumption EXPERIENCE
- mulit-sensory experience
- consuming the landscape
- pay for admission to compext
- emphasis on
architecture +
symbolism
- mulit-sensory experience
- coe et al 2007
- e,g, HP
- mall
- effect of
economic crisis
- cosumer
spending reduced
- austerity measures
- austerity measures
- regulatory structures
- retail structues
- online
- insitutional arrangment
- online
- retail empyment = weak
- JESSOPS - felsted
2013 - adminsitration in
jan 13 -
- SOLITIONS 1) adapt structural
arangment e.g. online 2)
products must appeal to
individuals
9decentralise/specialise)
- SOLITIONS 1) adapt structural
arangment e.g. online 2)
products must appeal to
individuals
9decentralise/specialise)
- cosumer
spending reduced
- Brands + Branding
- BRAND= characteristic of a kind or
variety of particular good/serivice
- BRAND
EQUITY =
- set of assets/liabilities
linked to a brand name
- symbols that +/- the value
provided by a product or
service to a firm/firms
customers
- set of assets/liabilities
linked to a brand name
- BRAND
EQUITY =
- BRANDING = adding a value to
goods/services BY PROVIDING
MEANING
- McCracken, 1993
- creative side to production
(Allen, 2002)
- relies on inputs of symbols
to differentiate products
- relies on inputs of symbols
to differentiate products
- SPATIAL CURCUIT of
adding meaning + value
- PRODUCTION (making goods) ->
CIRCULATION (e.g. Advertising) ->
COSUMPTION (e.g. shopping) ->
REGULATION (copy right)
- CORE STRATEGIC +
COMMERCIAL COMPETENCES
DRIVING 1)FIRMS 2)CLUSTERS
30REGIONS 4)NATION in
contemporary economy
- PRODUCTION (making goods) ->
CIRCULATION (e.g. Advertising) ->
COSUMPTION (e.g. shopping) ->
REGULATION (copy right)
- McCracken, 1993
- INEQUALITIES + POLITICS
OF BRANDS
- NIKE
- outsource production of goods to the
3rd world (Marxist description) to
utlise and exploit cheap resources and
labour
- These commodities are then
sold at a more profitable figure in
affluent nations
- Little thought to the
inequalities that emerge within
the chain of production =
CAPITALISM COLONIALISM
by 1st world = helps to
accumulate wealth
- = underpinnings of Marxism =
rich get richer, poor get poorer=
spatial division of labour = poor
Vietnamese labourer ‘ proletariat’
+ wealth American retailer
‘bourgeoise’ – spatial fix
- LINK TO COMMODITY CHAINS
- = underpinnings of Marxism =
rich get richer, poor get poorer=
spatial division of labour = poor
Vietnamese labourer ‘ proletariat’
+ wealth American retailer
‘bourgeoise’ – spatial fix
- Little thought to the
inequalities that emerge within
the chain of production =
CAPITALISM COLONIALISM
by 1st world = helps to
accumulate wealth
- These commodities are then
sold at a more profitable figure in
affluent nations
- outsource production of goods to the
3rd world (Marxist description) to
utlise and exploit cheap resources and
labour
- STARBUCKS
- spatial divisions of labour
- spatial divisions of labour
- NEWCASTLE
BROWN ALE
- Brand transformed from one
part of the world to another - cultural
- BUT - if americans find
out the ale is produced in
US = effects marketing
- BUT - if americans find
out the ale is produced in
US = effects marketing
- Brand transformed from one
part of the world to another - cultural
- NIKE
- commodity chain
- site of production/commodity
market = low differentiation - low
price
- site of consumption/branded market -
high price - high differentiation
- adding value
- site of production/commodity
market = low differentiation - low
price
- CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
- 1) IMAGINED GEOGRAPHIES
- link to retail +
consumption
- sell commoditiess through
adverts, labels, celebrities
- commercially effective
images of other 'places'
cultures
- e.g. Newcastle brown ale
- demonstrates the changing forms + extents + nature
of the geographical entanglement
- how it creates/sustains, adds
meaning/value IN/FROM SPACE
+ PLACE
- how it creates/sustains, adds
meaning/value IN/FROM SPACE
+ PLACE
- demonstrates the changing forms + extents + nature
of the geographical entanglement
- Pervasive nature of brands -
look beyond national 'place of
origin' to LOCAL 'place'
- link to retail +
consumption
- PIKE, 2008
- reinforces social/economic
inequality through competiiton =
socio-spatial realms
- reinforces social/economic
inequality through competiiton =
socio-spatial realms
- 2) BRAND + BRANDING FOR
TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT
- LOCAL + REGIONAL
'endogeneous assets'
- anchors for economic actiivity in
PLACE/local
- insitutional thickenss
- strong spatial associations
- LINK TO CLUSTERS
- LINK TO CLUSTERS
- strong spatial associations
- anchors for economic actiivity in
PLACE/local
- place branding
- international competiion for
investment, jobs, reidents, tourist
- international competiion for
investment, jobs, reidents, tourist
- geographical attachment
to = HIGH = provides a
divisive trading advantage
- link to imagined geogs
- e.g. london = theatre OR
Florence = LEATHER
- link to third italy
- link to third italy
- PLACES INSITUTIONAL ACTION
- safeguards production e.g. negetive influences
- low cost ares
- e.g. regulational theory =
protects geog entanglement
- link to
insitutional/evolutionary
approach
- e.g. Geographic identification
- link to
insitutional/evolutionary
approach
- low cost ares
- safeguards production e.g. negetive influences
- link to imagined geogs
- establishes, reinforces + strengthens
geographic entanglement of brands +
branding in place for territorial
development
- +VE EXAMPLE -
SAFFRON IN LA
MANCHA, SPAIN
- Chaning insitutional
enviornment
- Poorest region in spain
- 2005 -
regional gov
-stmulated
economy to
act to RAISE
PROFILE OF
PLACE
- quality brand of locally
grown saffron as luxury +
premium priced export
- BRAND EQUITY
- Differentiate from the
low cost brand of IRAN -
reduce competition
- distintion through BRAND
- sold in
retail
outlets =
NY/PARIS
- sold in
retail
outlets =
NY/PARIS
- BRAND EQUITY
- niche market =
destablished exisitng
market = lost cost etc
- work/income for 1000 families
- Chaning insitutional
enviornment
- -VE
- encourages over specialisation
= vunerability = LOCK IN =
inhiniting local eocnomic
adaption + innovation
- encourages over specialisation
= vunerability = LOCK IN =
inhiniting local eocnomic
adaption + innovation
- relinking production to social/cultural
environemental aspects of PLACE
- +VE EXAMPLE -
SAFFRON IN LA
MANCHA, SPAIN
- establishes, reinforces + strengthens
geographic entanglement of brands +
branding in place for territorial
development
- LOCAL + REGIONAL
'endogeneous assets'
- 1) IMAGINED GEOGRAPHIES
- BRAND= characteristic of a kind or
variety of particular good/serivice
- Commodity chains
- CONSUMPTION = SALE, PURCHASE +
USE of a COMMODITY (coe et al 2007)
- LINKING SITE OF COSUMPTION
WITH SITE OF PRODUCTION
- 3) perspectives
- 1) NSITUTIONAL = global
networks of trade + impacts on
development
- 2) POLITICAL ECONONOMY
- social divisions of labour
- social divisions of labour
- 3) cultural - addressing the
complex movement of
knowledge around the
commodity chain
- 1) NSITUTIONAL = global
networks of trade + impacts on
development
- 3) perspectives
- EXAMPLE = GEOBAR
- global and
ethical
commodity
chains
- ethical consumption -
NICHOLL, 2010
- stated purchase intention of consumer +
purchae behaviour = contradictory
- stated purchase intention of consumer +
purchae behaviour = contradictory
- insitutional networks
- global
- global
- spaces of producers
- Ekstenskul agri cooperative- N.Cape
- flooding
- flooding
- Ekstenskul agri cooperative- N.Cape
- sites of retail -
alternative vs
mainstream
- global and
ethical
commodity
chains
- SUPPLY CHAIN/ politics of
cosumption
- 'FOLLOW THE THING'
- N.london flat -> UK supermarket ->
Jamaican farm
- Unknowingly connected to each other through
intrenational trade of papaya
- Unknowingly connected to each other through
intrenational trade of papaya
- N.london flat -> UK supermarket ->
Jamaican farm
- COOK, 2004
- wanted to stimulate debate, fit into radical
teaching agenda
- wanted to stimulate debate, fit into radical
teaching agenda
- interconnections of political, economic, social,
cultural and agriculture
- linked to HARVEY 1993
- need tp get behind the viel
of = COMMODITY FETISISM
of the market
- look for disturbing onncetions between western
cosumers + distant (invisible) strangers
- moral + ethical questions for exploitees = who cannot
see the finger tips of exploition
- moral + ethical questions for exploitees = who cannot
see the finger tips of exploition
- defetisise commodities
- connect cosumers + produers
- look for disturbing onncetions between western
cosumers + distant (invisible) strangers
- marxist scholar = exploitation
at the site of produciont
- need tp get behind the viel
of = COMMODITY FETISISM
of the market
- 'FOLLOW THE THING'
- WATTS in cloke et al, 2005
- chickens =
represents the
bundle of social
relations
- = HISTORY OF US POST
WAR CAPITALISM
- commodity of
capitalism
- commodity
producing
commodities
- commodity
producing
commodities
- = HISTORY OF US POST
WAR CAPITALISM
- explained through
marixist theory
- marx = commodity = economic cell form of
capital - in society commodity is the general
form of wealth = people do not cosume what
they produce - sell for money (exchange) =
aquire other commodity
- = COMMODITY CIRCULATION
- 2 POWERS of COMMODITIES
- 1) USE VALUE
- satiify human want
- natural form of the commodity
- incommensuability of commodities
- qualitiative
- qualitiative
- satiify human want
- 2) EXCHANGE VALUE '
social form'
- ability to command other
commodities in exchange
- commensuability of commodity
- quantitative
- exchange 20000
chickens for car
- UNNIVERSAL
EQUALIVALENT = MONEY
- link to money + finance
- link to money + finance
- quantitative
- ability to command other
commodities in exchange
- 1) USE VALUE
- = COMMODITY CIRCULATION
- marx = commodity = economic cell form of
capital - in society commodity is the general
form of wealth = people do not cosume what
they produce - sell for money (exchange) =
aquire other commodity
- CULTURAL = change
in taste + health
reason = shift from red
meat -> chicken
- now - low cost
- us - breast meal
- ASIA- leg, feet,
wings
- now - low cost
- hidden exploitation - insitutional
arrnagment?
- grown under contracts of TNCS
- growers - no bargaining power -
borrow heavilly to build infrasture to
meet contractual requirements
- propertied labourers
- lots of immigrant workers - vietmanese
- propertied labourers
- e.g. TYSON FOODS (US)
- 'controlling the centre of
the plate for the American
people'
- 'controlling the centre of
the plate for the American
people'
- growers - no bargaining power -
borrow heavilly to build infrasture to
meet contractual requirements
- grown under contracts of TNCS
- chickens =
represents the
bundle of social
relations
- CONSUMPTION = SALE, PURCHASE +
USE of a COMMODITY (coe et al 2007)
- Money + Finance
- 3 FUNCTIONS OF MONEY
- 1) Medium of
EXCHANGE +
circulation
- COMMODITY CIRCULATION
- lINK TO COMMODITY CHAINS
- lINK TO COMMODITY CHAINS
- COMMODITY CIRCULATION
- 2) store of VALUE
- commodity circulation
- use money to
buy another
good
- DICKEN 2003 - Commodity
capital -> production capital ->
commodity capital ->
monetary capital
- DICKEN 2003 - Commodity
capital -> production capital ->
commodity capital ->
monetary capital
- seperation of the
sale + the purchase
of commodities
- use money to
buy another
good
- 2 contraditions
- 1) CONSERVATISM =
Quality of money is crucial
- want - 1)stable SO
2)maintains value 3)
puchasing power between
different times + spaces
- want - 1)stable SO
2)maintains value 3)
puchasing power between
different times + spaces
- 2) CIRCULATION =
Quantity of money is
crucial
- 1) extneded as credit
2)freely avaliable, 3) risk
takers
- 1) extneded as credit
2)freely avaliable, 3) risk
takers
- root of CRISIS
- 1) CONSERVATISM =
Quality of money is crucial
- commodity circulation
- 3) UNIT OF
ACCOUNT
- 1) Medium of
EXCHANGE +
circulation
- money + finance role in
the economy + societ
- GEOG of MONEY
- End of geog?
- O'Brien 1982 - indifference
to space - deregulation of
finacial systems + markets
(neo)
- rise of TNC
overseas
- time-space
compression
- tradable finacial
products
- tradable finacial
products
- O'Brien 1982 - indifference
to space - deregulation of
finacial systems + markets
(neo)
- GEOG OF
GLOBAL
FINANCE
- Global finacial
centres are not the
same
- reflection of
power/domination
- currencies - some
have greater
spatial reach e.g.
yen, dollar, euro
- monetary networks
that overlap = not just
one
- currencies - some
have greater
spatial reach e.g.
yen, dollar, euro
- Global finacial
centres are not the
same
- End of geog?
- FINACIAL CRISIS
- FINACIAL NETWORKS
- Produce
inclusion/exclusion
- SECURITIZATION = mortages/loans
accumlate - sell loan - to other
insitition = get profit from
accumulation but also RISK e.g. if
cant pay mortgage
- SUB-PRIME LENDING =
(prime = good) sub prime
= no job/credit history -
previously wouldnt get
loan/mortaage
- INCLUSION +
EXPLOITATION
- INCLUSION +
EXPLOITATION
- Produce
inclusion/exclusion
- NOT NEW - but new
model - originate +
distribute
- difference
space/scales
'fixes'
- distributed
- distributed
- emanates from
the most poweful
networks of g.f.s
- marx/harvey 1993
- marx/harvey 1993
- difference
space/scales
'fixes'
- HISTORY
- origin US -
- house prices rising -
- competition between
investment banks
- sub-prime
mortages
- caused
- CRISIS OF DEFAULT
- people couldnt afford to pay
mortgage
- people couldnt afford to pay
mortgage
- CRISIS OF LIQUIDITY
- 1) no insititutions will buy book debt
- 2) insititutions e.g. banks with the funds to lend money
- stop lending becuase if
they require future
finacial help no one will
be able to help
- only lend to relaibke cases e.g. no
entrepeneurs - do not support buisness
interests
- stop lending becuase if
they require future
finacial help no one will
be able to help
- industry grinds to a halt = MARKET STAGNATES
- 1) no insititutions will buy book debt
- COLLAPSE IN
TRUST/COFIDENCE IN
FINACIAL INSITITUION
- NORTHERN ROCK
- LENDING 125% - when bought house could furnish
instead of putting money on multiple credit cards with
high interest rates
- thought property prices would rise - but fell - meant the money they
had lent was more than the price of the asset
- so a lack of liquidity
- default of own positiion
- bank of england -
gave debt rating
- investors wanted to
secure their money
- 'compound it'
- moved from insitution to gov gaurenteed anyone 50000
- in order to maintain confidence in UK banking system
- in order to maintain confidence in UK banking system
- moved from insitution to gov gaurenteed anyone 50000
- 'compound it'
- default of own positiion
- so a lack of liquidity
- thought property prices would rise - but fell - meant the money they
had lent was more than the price of the asset
- LENDING 125% - when bought house could furnish
instead of putting money on multiple credit cards with
high interest rates
- NORTHERN ROCK
- CRISIS OF DEFAULT
- banks
secruitised debt
- instiutions unclear of
what real value of
what they hold
- instiutions unclear of
what real value of
what they hold
- inclusive - previously
wouldnt be able to get
loan/mortage
- EXCLUSION
- targetted = low income areas
- geog of repossesion = correlated
with ethnic groups
- Afro-Americans - 2x as
likely than white
- Afro-Americans - 2x as
likely than white
- high front loaded
fees, high penelties,
teaser rates
- predatory lending
- many small liquid loans =
large liquid asset
- geog of repossesion = correlated
with ethnic groups
- Cleveland, US
- homelessness,
bankruptcy, illness
- law suits against 20+ us sub-prime
lenders under nauissance law
- price of finacial crisis -
effected people that did
not cause it
- gendered crisis
- sutherland, 2009
- sutherland, 2009
- solution - alternative
finacial space =
islamic
- G20 - REGULATE
- G20 - REGULATE
- gendered crisis
- homelessness,
bankruptcy, illness
- targetted = low income areas
- caused
- house prices rising -
- origin US -
- old model =
relationship
banking
- FINACIAL NETWORKS
- 3 FUNCTIONS OF MONEY
- UNDERLYING THEORY = MARXISM
- spatial circuits of adding meaning + value
= PRODUCTION (making goods) ->
CIRCULATION (e.g. Advertising) ->
COSUMPTION (e.g. shopping) ->
REGULATION (copy right)
- CORE STRATEGIC + COMMERCIAL COMPETENCES DRIVING 1)FIRMS
2)CLUSTERS 30REGIONS 4)NATION in contemporary economy
- CORE STRATEGIC + COMMERCIAL COMPETENCES DRIVING 1)FIRMS
2)CLUSTERS 30REGIONS 4)NATION in contemporary economy
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