Israel

Israel

1. Zionism

   • Longing for a homeland
   • Jewish exclusion
     • W.E. : not allowed to work in many industries
       • Haskalah, Jewish enlightment
         • Promoting Jewish integration and secularism
     • E.E. : Active oppression and restriction to own land
       • Immigration to US
       • Faith and hope in Zionism
   • 1884-1900 Lovers of Zion assisted Jewish Settlement in Palestine
   • World Zionist Organization
     • Objective: to establish recognized home in Palestine
   • Chaim Weizmann
     • Had big influence in UK policies
       • ↓
     • Agreement with Faysel (Syria): Jewish help in economic development Palestinians, in return allowance of Jewish Immigration
   • Dreyfus affair: Jewish French officer wrongly accused of communicating French military plans to Germany
     • Herzl ' The Jewish State' 1896

2. United States

   • 1921: Jews no longer able to go to US
   • Recognized by US and Soviet Union

3. Palestine and other Arab states

   • Arabs rejected idea and lost their voice in politics
   • Hajj Amin, responsible for Jerusalem and later all Palestine
     • President Supreme Muslim Council
       • Campaign labeling Zionism as threat
         • More protests and violence: violation rights Arabs
   • Wealthy Palestinians sell land to Jews
   • Palestinian refugee problem
     • Second phase of gaining Jewish independency caused many Palestinians to fly
       • Encouraged by Haganah
     • Refugee camps full of Palestinians in neighboring Arab states
     • 300.000 new refugees to Jordan after June war (from Gaza + West bank)
   • Egypt attacks Israel to get them interested

4. United Kingdom

   • 1917: Balfour Declaration
     • To prevent US from siding with Germany in WWI
   • Promise protection to Arabs in White Paper, also Israeli nationality will not be forced upon Palestinians
   • 1920 Samuel (high commissioner mandate) desired unitary state
   • White Paper of 1930, giving restrictions to Jewish immigration
     • Peel Commission: collaboration impossible, separate states suggested
   • 1939 White Paper: No Jewish state in Palestine, restriction of Jewish immigration and independence in 10 years for Arabs

5. Struggle for Independent Jewish State

   • Phase 1: 1944 Irgon violence on Brits and Arabs, Haganah sabotage
     • Brits hand Mandate over to UN
   • Phase 2: May 1948: Jews secure allocated territories
     • 400.000 Arab refugees
     • Dayr Yassin massacre: causes fear and more refugees
   • 14 May 1948: Declaration of Jewish state
   • Phase 3: First Arab-Israeli war
     • Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq and Transjordan launch regional war
     • Defeat Arabs & enlargement Israeli territory
     • Collapse UN proposal for Arab state
       • Palestine partitioned among Israel, Transjordan & Egypt

6. United Nations

   • United Nations Special Committee On Palestine
     • Minority Report: federal state
     • Majority report: 2 states, Jerusalem international
       • Jewish for, Arabs against: but still chosen as solution.
   • Forced ceasefire by UN

7. Jewish community pre-1948

   • Yishuv (Jewish residents Palestine)
     • Histadrut(federation of Jewish Labour)
       • 1920 IDF Haganah to protect community
       • Mapai (Labour) Party
         • David Ben-Gurion, first PM Israel
     • The Revisionists, against dependency on UK
       • Deciples: Begin and Shamir (PMs)
       • Own military force Irgon
   • 5 Aliyahs (waves of migration) pre-WWI - 1936
     • Jewish National Fund buys land and sells it to Jewish immigrant
   • Wailing Wall Disturbances 1929: Jews want access to Holy Wall in Jerusalem
     • Lobbying by Jews, WL repudiated (Black Letter)
       • Protests and violence: inadequate land allocated

8. June War/Six days war June 5 - 11 1967

   • Soviet + Syrian intelligence suspected Israel to prepare operation against Syria
     • Nasser responds by deploying troops in Sinai and requesting UN to withdraw (Bluf)
   • 6/5 Israel destroys airforces Egypt, Syria and Jordan
     • Defeats Nassers troops in Sinai
     • Defeat Jordan + Syria and annexation of Golan heights and West Bank
       • Ceasefire
     • Resolution 242
       • inadmissibility of accusation of territory by war
       • Just settlement for refugees
       • Too open-ended, failed!

9. Yom Kippur War Oct. 1973

   • Israelis not interested in negotiations
   • 10 days later: Ariel Sharon attacks Egypt
   • Oil embargo of OPEC
     • To get the west to criticize Israel
   • Kissinger Sinai II: retreat troops from Sinai, US help to both parties.