MORPHOLOGY is the part of grammar that has to do with word STRUCTURE and FORMATION. Morphological knowledge involves separating strings of sound into words, internal word structure, and our lexicon.
Separating strings of words:[dw®jusiðckælimokðwsmorniŋ](Did you see the Kalimoo this morning)[w§n±u](Wouldn't you)
the LEXICON is out mental dictionary.
LEXICONAL CATAGORIESOpen-Nounds, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.-Can add new entriesClosed-pronouns, determiners, prepositions, conjunctions-Can't add new entries easily
ROOTS-Root of a words meaning-belongs to a lexical category-Can't be analyzed furtherAFFIX-doesn't belong in a lexical category-can be a prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix-always a bound morphemeSTEM-What an affix attached to-can consist of just a root OR a root+affix (ex: thickened)
prefix: pre-teen re-read suffix: cat-s friend-ly teach-er infix: (Tagalog) bili ‘buy’ b-in-ili ‘bought’ circumfix: (German) kauf ‘buy’ ge-kauf-t ‘bought
MORPHEMES-Smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function (root or affix)-Every word is made of one or more morphemes.
TYPES OF MORPHEMESFREE vs BOUND-FREE can stand on its own and is a word in of itself (cat, climb, tree, real)-BOUND can't stand on it's own and must attach to a stem (affixes)-They can also be roots (fer, ceive)CONTENT vs FUNCTION-CONTENT carry meaningful content (write, cat, re-, -ish)-FUNCTION provide info about grammatical function (-ing, -s, and, the)DERIVATION vs INFLICITON-DERIVATION is the creation of new related words (cat - catty)-INFLICTION creates new grammatical info (tense, number). No change in lexical category. Can be found in nouns, verbs, adjectives. Affixes common but not the only way of infliction.
Roots of: reusable (useable), dehumidifier (humidifier), irreplaceability (responsibility)Words with following roots: read (reading), time (timely), take (takes)
Deriving words is where drawing trees come in:
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS is comparing partially similar words and identifying the morpheme based on the words meanings:
ANALYTIC-sequecnes of free morphemes (no affixes)-Ex: Mandarin, Veitnamese
SYNTHETIC-Bound morphemes attached to other morphemes-Ex: Swahili, Turkish, Spanish, RussianAGGLUTINATING SYNTHETIC-morphemes joined loosely together and each one carries only one meaningFUSIONAL SYNTHETIC-hard to tell where one morpheme ends and another begins
POLYSYNTHETIC-Combine several roots/affixes-Ex: Sora (India), Inuktitut,
NEXT: Allomorphs. No one seems to have a clear cut definition for what the actual fuck these shits are. Here's the best I've found: if exametime fucks this image up i swear to god
Morphology
Structure of Derived Words
Morphological Analysis
Morphological Types of Languages
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