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Memory

Differences between STM and LTM

STM

LTM

Encoding

Baddeley

Baddeley

Capacity

Miller

Jacobs

-

Duration

Peterson + Peterson

Bahrick

Baddely:

STM lowest recall was acoustically

similar (encode acoustically in STM)

LTM (after 20 mins) least was

semantically similar (encode semantically in LTM)

Problems:

Artificial- lab- lacks ecological

validity

Can’t generalise the findings

20 minute delay in long term

memory, is that long enough?

Miller:

Everything comes in 7’s.

Reviewed studies on STM capacity

Dots were flashed on a screen (7 was

accurate, 15 was too many)

Capcity= 7+-2

People also recall more if they chunk

things together

Problems:

Overestimated

Others have found only 4 rather

than 7

Jacobs:

Letters and numbers

People can recall more numbers than they

can letters

Peterson & Peterson:

Lab experiment, 24 participants

Given trigrams and asked to count

backwards from a 3 digit number for up to 18 seconds

3 seconds= 90%

18 seconds= 2%

Count backwards so they couldn’t rehearse

IV: The amount of time they were asked to

count backwards for

DV: How many they accurately recalled

Experimental design: Independent design

Miller: