Quiz
Compendium 8 How do we control ourselves?
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1Functions of the nervous system include (select five)
- AMaintaining homeostasis
- BEstablish and maintain mental activity
- CMotor output
- DIntegrating information
- EReceives sensory input - Internal & External
- FPrimarily responsible for cellular respiration
2Functions of the nervous system include maintaining homeostasis
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3The Two main structural divisions of the nervous system are:
- ACentral Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- BSomatic and Autonomic system
- CSympathetic and Parasympathetic
4The Central Nervous System (CNS) comprises of the Brain and spinal cord
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5The Central Nervous System (CNS) comprises of the spinal nerves, cranial and sensory nerves
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6The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) comprises of the spinal nerves sensory and cranial nerves
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7The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) comprises of the brain and spinal cord
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8The divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System comprise of:
- AAutonomic, Somatic and Enteric
- BSympathetic and Parasympathetic
- CSensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent)
9The Central Nervous System comprises of the Enteric Nervous System
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10The division of the Autonomic nervous system comprise of Motor (efferent) and Sensory (afferent)
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11Terminology:
• [blank_start]Neuron (nerve cell)[blank_end]: basic structural unit of the nervous system
• [blank_start]Axon[blank_end]: nerve fiber
• [blank_start]Nerve[blank_end]: bundle of axons (or nerve fibers) and their sheaths (outer covering)
• [blank_start]Sensory receptors[blank_end]: separate specialised cells which detect temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound, odour and other stimuli
• [blank_start]Action potential[blank_end]: electrical signal
• [blank_start]Effector organ or effector cell[blank_end]: the organ, tissue or cell in which an effect or an action takes place- ANeuron (nerve cell)
- BAxon
- CNerve
- DSensory receptors
- EAction potential
- FEffector organ or effector cell
12An Axon is a nerve fiber
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13Effector organ or effector cell is an organ, tissue or cell in which an effect or an action takes place
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14Axon: the organ, tissue or cell in which an effect or an action takes place
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15Neurons (nerve cells) are separate specialized cells which detect temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound, odour and other stimuli
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16• [blank_start]Ganglion[blank_end]: collection of cell bodies located outside the CNS
• [blank_start]Plexus[blank_end]: extensive network of axons or cell bodies- APlexus
- BGanglion
17Ganglion: collection of cell bodies located outside the CNS
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18Plexus: extensive network of axons or cell bodies
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19Ganglion: extensive network of axons or cell bodies
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20Plexus: collection of cell bodies located outside the CNS
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21What is a Synapse?
- AJunction of a neuron with another cell e.g. end of a neuron with a muscle cell or another neuron
- BExtensive network of axons or cell bodies
- CCollection of cell bodies located outside the CNS
22Select the correct subdivision this information pertains to:
• Involuntary and under subconscious control
• Action potentials in the motor neurons travel from the CNS to smooth or cardiac muscle, or glands
• Two-neuron system
• Cell bodies of the neurons are located in the CNS and autonomic ganglion- AAutonomic subdivision
- BSomatic subdivision
23Autonomic subdivision:
• Involuntary and under subconscious control
• Action potentials in the motor neurons travel from the CNS to smooth or cardiac muscle, or glands
• Two-neuron system
• Cell bodies of the neurons are located in the CNS and autonomic ganglion- AVerdadeiro
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24Somatic subdivision:
• Involuntary and under subconscious control
• Action potentials in the motor neurons travel from the CNS to smooth or cardiac muscle, or glands
• Two-neuron system
• Cell bodies of the neurons are located in the CNS and autonomic ganglion- AVerdadeiro
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25Which subdivision does this information pertain to?
• Voluntary and under conscious control
• Action potentials in the motor neurons travel from the CNS to skeletal muscles
• Single neuron system
• Cell bodies are located in the CNS- ASomatic subdivision
- BAutonomic subdivision
26In the Somatic subdivision, action potentials in the motor neurons travel from the CNS to
skeletal muscles- AVerdadeiro
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27In the Somatic subdivision, cell bodies are located in the CNS
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28Single neuron system is part of the
- AAutonomic subdivision
- BSomatic subdivision
29The two-neuron system is part of the:
- AAutonomic subdivision
- BSomatic subdivision
30Somatic subdivision: Voluntary and under conscious control
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31Autonomic subdivision: Voluntary and under conscious control
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32Autonomic subdivision: Involuntary and under subconscious control
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33Somatic subdivision: Involuntary and under subconscious control
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34Autonomic subdivision: Cell bodies of the neurons are located in the CNS and autonomic ganglion
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35The enteric nervous system (ENS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.
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36The somatic nervous system (SNS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.
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37The autonomic nervous system functions to regulate the body's unconscious actions.
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38The sympathetic nervous system's primary process is to stimulate the body's fight-or-flight response.
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39The autonomic nervous system's primary process is to stimulate the body's fight-or-flight response.
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40Types of functional classification of neurons:
• [blank_start]Sensory (afferent) neuron[blank_end] – information to the CNS
• [blank_start]Motor (efferent) neuron[blank_end] – information away from the CNS
• [blank_start]Inter-neuron[blank_end] – information from one neuron to another neuron- ASensory (afferent) neuron
- BMotor (efferent) neuron
- CInter-neuron
41Motor (efferent) neuron – information away from the CNS
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42Motor (efferent) neuron – information to the CNS
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43Select the Three types of structural classification of Neurons
- A• Multipolar
- B• Bipolar
- C• Unipolar
- D• Dipolar
- E• Midpolar
44[blank_start]Multipolar[blank_end] neurons are a type of neuron that possesses a single axon and many dendrites (and dendritic branches), allowing for the integration of a great deal of information from other neurons.
[blank_start]Bipolar[blank_end] neurons are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions.
[blank_start]Unipolar[blank_end] neurons are the most common type of sensory neuron. In addition to pain and image description, touch etc. they also carry information about temperature, taste.- AMultipolar
- BBipolar
- CUnipolar
45Select Three correct statements about Astrocytes
- Asupport of the cells that comprise the blood-brain barrier
- Bmaintaining the extracellular ion balance
- Csupplying nutrients to nerve tissue
- Dphagocytic of debric and small bacteria
46Astrocytes form a supporting framework for blood vessels and neurons. They also assist in the formation of tight junctions between endothelial cells of the capillaries
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47Astrocytes contribute to differentiation of the blood–brain barrier.
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48Ependymal cell, type of neuronal support cell (neuroglia) that forms the epithelial lining of the ventricles (cavities) in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
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49The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced from arterial blood by the choroid plexuses of the lateral and fourth ventricles by a combined process of diffusion, pinocytosis and active transfer. A small amount is also produced by ependymal cells.
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50Select the Three correct statements
- AEpendymal cells are mostly known as the cell type lining the brain ventricles.
- BEpendymal cells are mostly known as the cell type situated mostly in the PNS
- CEpendymal cells are also thought to participate in the control of water transport and ion homeostasis.
- DEpendymal cells cilia assist in the circulation of CSF
51Ependymal cells cilia assist in the circulation of CSF
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52Ependymal cells cilia assist in the circulation of Mucus
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53Microglial cells monitor the health of surrounding neurons and phagocytose microorganisms, infection, trauma or inflammation.
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54Ependymal cells monitor the health of surrounding neurons and phagocytose microorganisms, infection, trauma or inflammation.
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55As the resident macrophage cells, microglial cells act as the first and main form of active immune defence in the central nervous system (CNS).
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56Oligodendrocytes form the isolating sheath around the axons, which is essential for fast signal conduction.
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57Schwann cells are the supporting cells of the PNS.
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58Schwann cells are the supporting cells of the CNS.
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59[blank_start]Oligodendrocytes[blank_end] wrap themselves around numerous [blank_start]axons[blank_end] at once, where as single [blank_start]schwann cells[blank_end] make up a single segment of an axon's [blank_start]myelin sheath[blank_end].
- AOligodendrocytes
- Baxons
- Cschwann cells
- Dmyelin sheath
60Satellite cells:
• Provide support and nutrition to cell bodies in ganglia
• Protect cell bodies from harmful substances- AVerdadeiro
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61Myelinated axons have a node of Ranvier
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62Unmyelinated axons do not have a node of Ranvier
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63[blank_start]Grey Matter[blank_end]: BRAIN: outer cortex of brain and nuclei. SPINAL CORD: inner “grey” part
[blank_start]White Matter[blank_end]: BRAIN: deeper nerve tracts. SPINAL CORD: outer part- AGrey Matter
- BWhite Matter
64A resting (non-signaling) neuron has a voltage across its membrane called the
- Aresting membrane potential, or simply the resting potential.
- Baction potential
65Neurons generate electrical signals through brief, controlled changes in the permeability of their cell membrane to particular ions such as Na+ and K+.
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66If the membrane potential becomes more positive than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be [blank_start]depolarized[blank_end].
If the membrane potential becomes more negative than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be [blank_start]hyperpolarized[blank_end].- Adepolarized
- Bhyperpolarized
67If the membrane potential becomes more positive than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be hyperpolarized.
If the membrane potential becomes more negative than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be depolarized.- AVerdadeiro
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68If the membrane potential becomes more positive than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be depolarized.
If the membrane potential becomes more negative than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be hyperpolarized.- AVerdadeiro
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69Where does the resting membrane potential come from?
- AThe resting membrane potential is determined by the uneven distribution of ions (charged particles) between the inside and the outside the cell, and by the different permeability of the membrane to different types of ions.
- BThe resting membrane potential is determined by the even distribution of ions (uncharged particles) between the inside and the outside the cell, and by the different permeability of the membrane to different types of ions.
70Types of ions found in neurons
In neurons and their surrounding fluid, the most abundant ions are:
Positively charged: [blank_start]Sodium and potassium[blank_end]
Negatively charged: [blank_start]Chloride and organic anion[blank_end]- ASodium and potassium
- BChloride and organic anion
71Ion channels are the ubiquitous trans-membrane proteins that allow the selective transport of ions and solutes across the plasma membrane.
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72[blank_start]Non-gated ion channels[blank_end]
• Also known as ‘leak’ ion channels
• Ion specific
• Cell membrane has more K+ leak ion channels compared to Na+ leak ion channels
[blank_start]Gated ion channels[blank_end] – require signals to open them
(1) Ligand-gated ion channel
(2) Voltage-gated ion channel
(3) Other-gated ion channel- ANon-gated ion channels
- BGated ion channels
73[blank_start]Voltage gated[blank_end] ion channels open in response to voltage [blank_start](i.e. when the cell gets depolarized)[blank_end] where as [blank_start]ligand gated[blank_end] channels open in response to a ligand [blank_start](some chemical signal)[blank_end] binding to them. Both types of channels are critical for proper activation of the post synaptic neuron.
- AVoltage gated
- Bligand gated
- C(i.e. when the cell gets depolarized)
- D(some chemical signal)
74Repolarisation – membrane potential returns to normal
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75[blank_start]Resting membrane potential[blank_end]: the difference in charge across the cell membrane in a resting or unstimulated cell
[blank_start]Membrane potential[blank_end]: the difference in charge across the cell membrane- AResting membrane potential
- BMembrane potential
76Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that vary in size, as opposed to being all-or-none.
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77Afterpotential – short period of hyperpolarisation of an action potential
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78Resting membrane potential:
• All gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed.
• K+ leak channels (not visible on this image) are open which allow movement of K+ to the outside of the cell. This creates a negative intracellular charge = RMP.
• Na+/K+ pump also creates the RMP
[blank_start]Depolarisation:[blank_end]
• Na+ gated channels open and Na+ moves into the cell and inside of the cell becomes more positive.
• K+ gated channels are closed.
• Membrane potential becomes more positive.
[blank_start]Repolarisation:[blank_end]
• Na+ gated channels close.
• K+ gated channels open and K+ moves out of the cell and the intracellular side becomes more negative.
• Membrane potential becomes more negative.
[blank_start]Afterpotential:[blank_end]
• Na+ gated channels close.
• K+ gated channels close as well but they close slowly so K+ continues to leave the cell and this produces the afterpotential.
• Membrane potential becomes very negative
[blank_start]Resting membrane potential:[blank_end]
• Na+ gated channels are closed.
• K+ gated channels are closed.
• Resting membrane potential is re-established by Na+/K+ pump (an active process as it is against their concentration gradients) which redistribute ions as all Na+ and K+ gated channels are closed.- ADepolarisation:
- BRepolarisation:
- CAfterpotential:
- DResting membrane potential:
792. [blank_start]Graded potential[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Repolarization[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Afterpotential[blank_end]
1. [blank_start]Depolarization[blank_end]
- AGraded potential
- BRepolarization
- CAfterpotential
- DDepolarization
80Reflex arc diagram -
1. [blank_start]Interneuron[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Dorsal root[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Dorsal root ganglion[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Sensory neuron[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]Sensory receptor[blank_end]
6. [blank_start]Ventral root[blank_end]
7. [blank_start]Motor neuron[blank_end]
8. [blank_start]Effector organ[blank_end]
- AInterneuron
- BDorsal root
- CDorsal root ganglion
- DSensory neuron
- ESensory receptor
- FVentral root
- GMotor neuron
- HEffector organ
81Sensory receptors: separate specialised cells which detect temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound, odour and other
stimuli- AVerdadeiro
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82Neuroglia are cells other than neurons found within the nervous system. These cells have a
supportive role. There are [blank_start]4[blank_end] different neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS) and [blank_start]2[blank_end] in the
peripheral nervous system (PNS).- A4
- B2
Informações
- Descrição
- Compendium 8-How do we control ourselves?
- Autor
- Jessica Bulley
- Idioma
- English
- Visualizações
- 60
- Etiquetas
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