Quiz
Conservation
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1[blank_start]biodiversity[blank_end] = "Biological diversity" means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, among other things, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.
- essentially biodiversity is the diversity [blank_start]within[blank_end] and between species and [blank_start]ecosystems[blank_end]- Abiodiversity
- Bwithin
- Cecosystems
2why do we need conservation science?
- over the years the number of species assessed as threatened has [blank_start]increased[blank_end]
- not all species are assessed, but those that has, the number of threatened have increase
e.g. as of 2016 85,604 species had been assessed of which 24,307 were [blank_start]threatened[blank_end]
now 96,000 species have been assessed > we need to know more about species to know about the threats to species
Conservation science is also important for now extinction rates exceed [blank_start]background[blank_end] rates of extinction > naturally, as more species evolve, we do naturally lose some (extinction can be natural)
- there are more than 400,000 species of plant species
- 2-11 million animal species depending on the source
- fossil records, phylogenies and data on net diversification estimate the background rate of extinction to be [blank_start]0.1[blank_end] extinctions/per [blank_start]million[blank_end] species-years > this is expected as part of dynamic nature
- Aincreased
- Bthreatened
- Cbackground
- D0.1
- Emillion
3Extinction rates have increased: looking at 3 taxonomic groups: birds, reptiles and mammals
- extinction rates are increasing in [blank_start]all[blank_end] of these groups, Pimm et al.
- Aall
4Comparison to previous mass extinction events
- at several times in the past there were mass extinctions: more than [blank_start]75[blank_end]% of the species have been lost
- there have been [blank_start]5[blank_end] mass extinction events in the past caused by geological events
- in these extinction events extinction rates increased compared to background extinction rate (more that 75%)
these values are estimates but the highest mass extinction was the [blank_start]Ordovician[blank_end] event in which it was estimated that 86% of species were lost
- AOrdovician
- B75
- C5
5We are not quite currently in the 6th mass extinction
- the international union for [blank_start]conservation[blank_end] of nature assessed the extinction magnitude of a wide range of taxa, and compared it to the [blank_start]75[blank_end]% bench mark of 'global mass extinction'
- the most threatened/near the 75% extinction bench mark are the [blank_start]cycadopsida[blank_end] which are commonly know as cycads
- although we are not yet in the 6th global mass extinction, the extinction rates are much higher than background rates of extinction
- Aconservation
- B75
- Ccycadopsida
6The [blank_start]Anthropocene[blank_end]: the most common geological time period, in which humans are influencing the earth (anthropogenic effects)
- Anthropocene: '[blank_start]human[blank_end] activity has been a geologically recent, yet profound, influence on the global environment, including land surface transformation and changing composition of the atmosphere'
there are 2 criteria/arguments as to when the Anthropocene geological/most recent period began
1. [blank_start]1610[blank_end] = in 1610 [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] dioxide concentrations were very low and have been increasing since then
2. [blank_start]1964[blank_end] = in 1964 this was the peak of [blank_start]nuclear[blank_end] activity- AAnthropocene
- Bhuman
- C1610
- Dcarbon
- E1964
- Fnuclear
7What are the biggest drives for biodiversity loss?
e.g. [blank_start]logging[blank_end] (cutting trees for timber), poaching, agriculture, climate change, urban development
[blank_start]Sala[blank_end] et al. 2000 Science: sala's classic biodiversity scenarios
- looked at the dominant drivers of biodiversity loss between different geographic regions
- [blank_start]land[blank_end] use came out as the biggest driver in the majority of locations e.g. through agriculture and logging
- the second biggest driver Sala found was [blank_start]climate[blank_end] change
- there are differences in the most influential drivers between the biomes
N temp = northern temperate forests
- Alogging
- BSala
- Cland
- Dclimate
8Biggest threats to mammals: more recent papers e.g. [blank_start]Maxwell[blank_end] et al. 2015
- looked at all the threats to [blank_start]mammals[blank_end] and which effected most species
- over exploitation e.g. logging, hunting was found to be the biggest threat to mammals
- the second threat to mammals was [blank_start]agriculture[blank_end] e.g. crop farming
- maxwell et al. 2015 found that [blank_start]climate[blank_end] change is quite a small threat > however, the threat of climate change is quite hard to measure as hard to see/determine the effects
- AMaxwell
- Bmammals
- Cagriculture
- Dclimate
9Recent extinction examples: could not be extinct, however have not been seen
- [blank_start]golden[blank_end] toad was declared extinct in 1989, found commonly in costa rica > threatened by pollution and [blank_start]climate[blank_end] change
- Yangste River [blank_start]dolphin[blank_end] declared in 2006 > threatened by dam building, changes to natural environment and over fishing
- Western black [blank_start]rhino[blank_end] = 2011
- [blank_start]Pyrenean[blank_end] ibex 2000, due to over hunting
- Agolden
- Bclimate
- Cdolphin
- Drhino
- EPyrenean
10What is conservation science?
what is conservation [blank_start]biology[blank_end] = a vision of a new discipline that addresses the dynamics and problems of perturbed/concerned species, communities and ecosystems
- in 1985 conservation biology was key, as Michael [blank_start]soule[blank_end] came out with a key paper
- so in [blank_start]1985[blank_end] Soule promoted the idea of conservation biology through a key paper
- the idea at the time was that humans were disturbing the natural environment
2012 = in [blank_start]2012[blank_end] the view changed to conservation [blank_start]science[blank_end] > a broader framework recognising that ecological dynamics cannot be separated from human dynamics
- Peter [blank_start]Kareiva[blank_end] and Michelle Marvier
- Peter Kareiva and Michelle [blank_start]Marvier[blank_end] highlighted that natural systems are [blank_start]not[blank_end] separate from human systems, they both effect one another- Abiology
- Bsoule
- C1985
- D2012
- Escience
- FKareiva
- GMarvier
- Hnot
11After [blank_start]Soule[blank_end]'s 1985 paper on conservation biology, it was seen as a crisis: one 4th of the world's plant and animal species may face extinction (Geer, 1989)
- the [blank_start]elephant[blank_end] crisis peaking in 1990 in which half of all elephants in africa had been poached
- the tropical deforestation crisis- ASoule
- Belephant
12Definition of conservation [blank_start]biology[blank_end]: conservation biology is the application of biological science to address the problems of species, communities and [blank_start]ecosystems[blank_end] perturbed by humans (Soulé, 1985 > Bioscience)
Value statements with conservation biology
1. high diversity of organisms is [blank_start]good[blank_end]
2. ecological complexity is good: placing value on habitat diversity and [blank_start]complexity[blank_end] of ecological processes
3. evolution is good > genetic diversity is good
Intrinsic value of biodiversity
so the whole idea of conservation biology is that [blank_start]humans[blank_end] are bad and effecting nature- Abiology
- Becosystems
- Cgood
- Dcomplexity
- Ehumans
13Examples of conservation biology tools
1. Designing [blank_start]protected[blank_end] areas > SLOSS (single large or several [blank_start]small[blank_end] areas > simberloff and Abele 1982)
2. estimating [blank_start]minimum[blank_end] population [blank_start]sizes[blank_end] for conservation- MVP = minimum [blank_start]viable[blank_end] population concept, Schaffer 1981)
3. [blank_start]CITES[blank_end] - the conventions on international trade of [blank_start]endangered[blank_end] species of wild fauna and flora = is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international [blank_start]trade[blank_end] in specimens of wild animals and plants does [blank_start]not[blank_end] threaten their survival.- Aprotected
- Bsmall
- Csizes
- Dviable
- Eminimum
- FCITES
- Gendangered
- Htrade
- Inot
14Biological tools used in conservation biology (aims to protect species, communities and ecosystems)
1. [blank_start]SLOSS[blank_end] (single large or several small) protected areas: should we conserve many small or 1 large habitat area within a protected area to minimise loss of biodiversity in a [blank_start]human[blank_end]-modified landscape?
- problem with SLOSS protected areas = very theoretical, does not deal with practical issues e.g. who owns the land, how will it be managed etc.
- so people moved away from this tool, as doesn't address the threats to migratory species
- ASLOSS
- Bhuman
152nd tool used in conservation biology= MVP, [blank_start]minimum[blank_end] [blank_start]viable[blank_end] population: how many individuals of the species do I need to maintain?
- the smallest number of individuals required for an isolated population to persist at a predefined probability (90-95%) for a predefined [blank_start]time[blank_end] e.g. 100 years into the future
- Aviable
- Bminimum
- Ctime
163rd biological tool used in conservation biology: [blank_start]CITES[blank_end] agreement, the convention on international [blank_start]trade[blank_end] in endangered species of wild fauna and flora
- an international agreement between governments to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does [blank_start]not[blank_end] threaten their survival
- [blank_start]183[blank_end] members: all united nations states with some exceptions: Andorra, Democratic People's republic of Korea, Federated States of Micronesia, Haiti, South Sudan, Tonga, Turkmenistan and a few other
- species are listed in 3 appendices
1. appendix 1 = species in this appendix [blank_start]cannot[blank_end] be traded unless for very important purposes e.g. science
2. appendix 2 = species in this appendix are threatened so trade has to be [blank_start]regulated[blank_end]
3. appendix 3 = species in this appendix, involves agreements between 2 countries, if a species is threatened in one country but [blank_start]not[blank_end] globally, then that country might want to regulate trade in that species- ACITES
- Btrade
- Cnot
- D183
- Ecannot
- Fregulated
- Gnot
17CITES example species
1. appendix 1- [blank_start]Oryx[blank_end] are extinct in the wild, so only lives in zoos, threatened by over hunting and habitat los
2. 3-toed [blank_start]sloth[blank_end] appendix 2, they are critically endangered, so trade is [blank_start]regulated[blank_end]
- AOryx
- Bsloth
- Cregulated
18Definition of conservation [blank_start]science[blank_end]: humans and their dynamics cannot be separated from the dynamics of natural systems ~ 'coupled human-[blank_start]natural[blank_end] systems' (Kareiva and Marvier 2012 Bioscience)
value statements of conservation science
1. human [blank_start]well[blank_end]-being is integral to the conservation concept
2. jointly maximise [blank_start]benefits[blank_end] to people and biodiversity through the application of [blank_start]social[blank_end] and natural sciences
3. it is still a [blank_start]crisis[blank_end] discipline but evidence based: develop a body of quantitative evidence for best practice
--> [blank_start]instrumental[blank_end] value of biodiversity
thinking has shifted: couple [blank_start]human[blank_end] and natural systems, cannot look at separately as they effect each other
- nature is importance for us a humans- Ascience
- Bnatural
- Chuman
- Dwell
- Ebenefits
- Fsocial
- Gcrisis
- Hinstrumental
19Kareiva and Marvier [blank_start]2012[blank_end]: conservation science's new value statements
1. 'pristine nature' untouched by human influences does [blank_start]not[blank_end] exist
2. the fate of nature and that of people are [blank_start]deeply[blank_end] intertwined
3. nature can be surprisingly [blank_start]resilient[blank_end]
4. humans can avoid the 'tragedy of [blank_start]commons[blank_end]' > do not need to reap the biggest benefit to themselves
5. local conservation efforts arse deeply connected to [blank_start]global[blank_end] forces- A2012
- Bnot
- Ccommons
- Ddeeply
- Eresilient
- Fglobal
20comparing conservation biology and conservation science
- note; conservation biology is in conservation science
Conservation science has an [blank_start]instrumental[blank_end] (instrumental) value = we must save nature to help ourselves
conservation biology has an [blank_start]intrinsic[blank_end] (intrinsic value) = nature should be protected for its own sake
- Ainstrumental
- Bintrinsic
21What has changed in the world between 1985 (conservation [blank_start]biology[blank_end], Soule) and [blank_start]2012[blank_end] (conservation science, Kareiva and Mervier), in this shift of thinking?
- the global context has changed dramatically
> population increase from [blank_start]4.8[blank_end] billion to over 7 [blank_start]billion[blank_end]
> energy use has increased, we use [blank_start]more[blank_end] oil
> atmospheric [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] dioxide concentration at Mauna 346ppm --> [blank_start]391.6[blank_end] ppm in 2011
> public prioritised environment over [blank_start]business[blank_end] 1984: 61% cs. 36% in 2011 (care more about business now)
- Abiology
- B2012
- Cbillion
- Dmore
- Ecarbon
- Fbusiness
- G391.6
- H4.8
22Convention of [blank_start]Biological[blank_end] Diversity (CBD) was an agreement made at the [blank_start]1992[blank_end] Rio Earth [blank_start]Summit[blank_end]
- made 2010 target "to achieve by [blank_start]2010[blank_end] a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national level as a contribution to poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all life on earth"
- UN convention, but not all signed up to the convention of biological [blank_start]diversity[blank_end] e.g. the US
- at the earth summit in [blank_start]rio[blank_end] 1992, the definition of biodiversity was set and this target
- they started thinking about people as well
- the target was [blank_start]not[blank_end] met- ABiological
- Bdiversity
- C1992
- DSummit
- Erio
- F2010
- Gnot
23[blank_start]Strategic[blank_end] plan for biodivestiy 2011-[blank_start]2020[blank_end]
- as convention for biological diversity was [blank_start]not[blank_end] met in 2010
- they set new targets:
strategic goal A: address the underlying [blank_start]causes[blank_end] of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society
goal b = reduce the direct pressure on biodiversity and promote [blank_start]sustainable[blank_end] use
goal c = to improve the status of biodiversity by [blank_start]safe[blank_end]guarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity
goal d = enhance the [blank_start]benefits[blank_end] to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services
goal e = enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building
lots of targets, these targets are set to finish next year, 2020
- came up with [blank_start]5[blank_end] strategic goals, with 20 targets
- key strategic goal = [blank_start]C[blank_end]; to improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity- AStrategic
- B2020
- Cnot
- Dcauses
- Esustainable
- Fbenefits
- GC
- Hsafe
- I5
24Are we meeting the [blank_start]strategic[blank_end] plan? Set by the [blank_start]United[blank_end] Nations
- targets 11-13 are involved in the strategic goal c
- we are [blank_start]not[blank_end] meeting the 20 targets that well
that was the strategic plan for biodiversity
- AUnited
- Bstrategic
- Cnot
25We also have the sustainable [blank_start]development[blank_end] goals set by the UN in which the [blank_start]US[blank_end] are involved
- not just focusing on biodiversity, it is much broader looks at reducing poverty, hunger etc. but biodiversity is also involved
- Goal 14 = life below water
15 = life on land > key ones for biodiversity
- there are different targets in each goal
- they are meant to be linked, all these things help each other but this is [blank_start]not[blank_end] true > if you want to decrease hunger you might convert nature into farming land
- AUS
- Bdevelopment
- Cnot
26Examples of species that have succeeded in terms of conservation
1. the recovery of the Southern White [blank_start]Rhino[blank_end]
> in 2008 it was near threatened
> in 2000 it was at lower risk/conservation dependent
Considered extinct in 1800
Small population rediscovered in [blank_start]South[blank_end] Africa: translocation and restocking followed -> now [blank_start]more[blank_end] than 20 000 individuals
Creation of [blank_start]protected[blank_end] area and breeding on private ranches
But: continued and [blank_start]increased[blank_end] poaching in recent years
- ARhino
- BSouth
- Cmore
- Dprotected
- Eincreased
27Examples of species that have succeeded in terms of conservation: the [blank_start]golden[blank_end] lion [blank_start]Tamarin[blank_end]
- the golden lion [blank_start]tamarin[blank_end] was endangered in 2003
2000: critically endangered
1996: [blank_start]critically[blank_end] endangered
1994: endangered
1988: [blank_start]endangered[blank_end]
Extent of occurrence < 5000 km2 but ca 1000 individuals now
30 years of conservation effort across institutes
Translocation, reforestation and new [blank_start]protected[blank_end] area
Wild populations are augmented by [blank_start]captive[blank_end]-bred individuals (1/3 of wild species originated from captive stock)
But: Continuing fragmentation & decline in habitat quality
- Agolden
- BTamarin
- Ctamarin
- Dcritically
- Eendangered
- Fprotected
- Gcaptive
28Evidence that conservation works: Hoffman et al. 2010
- [blank_start]Hoffman[blank_end] et al. 2010 looked at the changes in conservation status of 929 vertebrates
- saw 68 improvements in conservation status due to conservation action with change in [blank_start]extinction[blank_end] risk
- green = improved
- purpler = deteriorated
- AHoffman
- Bextinction
29Conservation [blank_start]Science[blank_end] includes human well-being in analyses and decision-making
Biodiversity is still [blank_start]decreasing[blank_end] as major drivers (climate, land use change, population growth, disease) are continuing to change landscapes
Conservation requires to define the objective (and question) and to assess what information is needed to achieve that objective (answer that question): analysing social and ecological data
Conservation can help to [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] declines of species- AScience
- Bdecreasing
- Cdecrease
Informações
- Descrição
- Conservation Quiz sobre Conservation, criado por sophie waddington em 29-01-2019.
- Autor
- sophie waddington
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- English
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