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General IBS Quiz
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Perguntas do quiz (53)
1What is the enzyme that catalyses the reversible reaction that converts Glucose-6-Phosphate to Fructose-6-Phosphate?
- APhosphofructokinase
- BPhosphoglucose isomerase
- CAldolase
- DGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
2What is the function of exonuclease?
- ARemoval of RNA primers
- BRemoval of DNA primers
- CStitching together of Okazaki fragments
- DJoining adjacent nucleotides together
3What direction does the coding strand run in?
- A5' to 3'
- B3' to 5'
4What direction does the template strand run in?
- A3' to 5'
- B5' to 3'
5What is the function of Gyrase?
- APrevent DNA supercoiling
- BAdd DNA sequence repeats to the 3' end of DNA strands at the end of chromosomes
- CUnwind the DNA strand
- DRemove RNA primers
6RNA contains the bases Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
7snRNA forms part of a complex with proteins (snRNPs) which aid in the formation of the spliceosome that is involved in pre-mRNA splicing.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
8What post-transcriptional modifications are added to mRNA?
- A5' methyl-guanosine cap
- B3' poly A tail
- C5' methyl-adenosine tail
- D3' mono A tail
9What codon signals the start of translation of a protein?
- AAUG
- BATG
- CTAC
- DUAA
10Why is the triplet code known as degenerate?
- AMore than one codon codes for one amino acid
- BCodons can become mutated
- CCodons are read three bases at a time
11Where does DNA replication, transcription and splicing occur?
- ACytoplasm
- BNucleus
- CMitochondria
- DExtracellular Matrix
12An open reading frame is a section of RNA with a small number of codons that results in a truncated, non-functional protein.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
13What is the enzyme responsible for charging tRNA with amino acids?
- AAmino-acyl tRNA synthetase
- BPeptidyl Transferase
- CSignal Peptidase
- DPhosphotransferase
14Most mutations are only detrimental to a protein if they occur in the exons; the coding regions of DNA.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
15Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules, what does this mean?
- AThey possess two properties in a single structure
- BThey can form bilayer sheets
- CThey are highly hydrophobic molecules
- DThey can form micelle structures
16Phase transition occurs at a lower temperature in plasma membranes that have shorter, more unsaturated fatty acid tails.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
17Where does phospholipid synthesis occur?
- AOuter cytosolic leaflet of the endoplasmic reticulum
- BOuter cytosolic leaflet of the golgi apparatus
- CInner cytosolic leaflet of the golgi apparatus
- DInner cytosolic leaflet of the endoplasmic reticulum
18What is the function of scramblase in the formation of new plasma membrane?
- ACatalysing the 'flip-flop' mechanism that distributes phospholipids between the outer cytosolic and inner cytosolic portions of the plasma membrane
- BCatalysing the fusion of the newly synthesised portion of the plasma membrane to the existing plasma membrane
- CCatalysing vesicle release from the endoplasmic reticulum after the newly synthesised portion of the plasma membrane is produced
19What are the three subtypes of phospholipid?
- APhosphotidylcholine
- BPhosphotidylethanolamine
- CPhosphotidylserine
- DPhosphotidylvaline
- EPhosphotidylethylamine
- FPhosphotidyladenosine
20The function of the enzyme Flippase is to aid fusion of the newly synthesised plasma membrane with the current plasma membrane.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
21Glycosylation is the process by which a triglyceride side chain is added to a protein, such as when glycoproteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
22Transmembrane proteins contain which of the following components that enable them to become embedded in membranes?
- ASignal sequence
- BStop-transfer sequence
- CEmbed sequence
- DTranslocate sequence
23Recognition of the stop-transfer sequence in a transmembrane protein causes what to happen?
- AThe transmembrane protein to travel across the membrane
- BThe transmembrane protein to become embedded in the membrane
- CThe transmembrane protein to be removed by enzymatic digestion
24Steroid and Thyroid hormones can travel across the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane due to what property?
- ALipophilic
- BHydrophilic
25Lipophilic hormones such as Testosterone (steroid hormone) can only exhibit its function if :
- AA special transporter protein that enables testosterone transport across the membrane is present
- BThe receptor that testosterone binds to in order to act as a transcriptional factor is not faulty
- CThe enzyme that catalyses testosterone transport is not denatured
26Due to adrenaline's lipophobic nature, how can it cause intracellular effects?
- AIt acts on a receptor on the external cell surface, causing the alpha sub-unit of the heterotrimeric complex to activate and go on to activate adenylyl cyclase. This enzyme produces cAMP that participates in further cascade reactions in order to produce adrenalines required effect - glucose release.
- BA special accomodating channel protein (AACT) allows adrenaline and other catecholamines to be transported across lipophilic membranes and produce their effects intracellularly, without altering osmolarity.
27Wnt is another lipophobic hormone. It activates the destruction complex which destroys beta-catenin and then allows activation of transcriptional factors to promote transcription.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
28How many layers does pseudostratified epithelium contain?
- A1
- B2
- C3
29What is the appearance of stratified columnar epithelium?
- AOne layer thick
- BMultiple layers thick
- CEqually wide and long, cuboidal in shape
- DLong, thin, column arrangement in shape
30What is the barrier and fence function?
- AThe prevention of paracellular movement of molecules due to tight junctions between cells
- BThe prevent of diffusion of molecules across the plasma membrane, without a facilitating channel protein
- CThe way in which lateral surface modules (such as desmosomes) anchor adjacent cells together
31Adherens junctions contain actin filaments.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
32Desomosomes contain tubulin microtubules.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
33Collagen formation occurs in what order?
- AProtocollagen -> Tropocollagen -> Collagen fibre assembly
- BTropocollagen -> Protocollagen -> Collagen fibre assembly
- CCollagen fibre assembly -> Tropocollagen -> Protocollagen
- DCollagen fibre assembly -> Protocollagen -> Tropocollagen
34Intermediate filaments are cell specific.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
35What are the layers of the epidermis in descending order?
- AStratum Corneum -> Granular layer -> Spinus layer -> Basal layer
- BGranular layer -> Spinus layer -> Basal layer -> Stratum Corneum
- CSpinus layer -> Basal layer -> Granular layer -> Stratum Corneum
- DGranular layer -> Stratum Corneum -> Basal layer -> Spinus layer
36Where is more K5/K14 found?
- AApical layer
- BBasal layer
37Where is more K1/K10 found?
- AApical layer
- BBasal layer
38Keratin genes are differentially expressed in the different epidermal layers, producing dominant subtypes in different epidermal layers
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
39What are the components of a desmosome?
- ADesmogleins
- BDesmocollins
- CPlakoglobin
- DPlakophilin
- EPlakotrypsin
- FDesmoglobulin
- GDesmochitin
40What is a hemidesmosome?
- AA basal cell-cell adhesion module that can interact with the ECM of the basement membrane
- BA lateral cell-cell adhesion module that permits electrical communication between cells
- CA lateral cell-cell adhesion module that anchors adjacent cells together
41Pemphigus Foliaceus affects what epidermal layer?
- AUpper
- BLower
42Epidermolysis bullosa affects what cell-cell adhesion module?
- ADesmosomes
- BHemi-desmosomes
- CTight junctions
- DAdherens junctions
43What are types of epidermolysis bullosa?
- AEB Simplex
- BEB Junctional
- CEB Dystrophic
- DEB Vulgaris
- EEB Foliaceus
- FEB Desmosomal
44Why is Tubulin known as "dynamically unstable"?
- AIt is continually assembled and disassembled at its plus end
- BIt cannot be stored in cells as it is unstable
- CTubulin is composed of more than one sub-units
45Actin's structure shows a twisting pattern due to the + and - charges on G-actin during polymerisation
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
46Mutations in intermediate filaments are more detrimental to cells than mutations in actin filaments or tubulin microtubules
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
47What is meant by actin cycling?
- AThe disassembly of actin filaments, diffusion and subsequent reassembly close to a stimulus site
- BThe way actin polymerises into F-actin
48Which of the following protein translocations into organelles are unidirectional?
- ANucleus translocation
- BMitochondria translocation
- CPeroxisomal translocation
49Mutations in peroxisomes are not always fatal because peroxisomes are cell specific.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
50Which of the following are ER modifications of proteins?
- AN-linked glycosylation
- BCompletion of translation
- CFolding of proteins
- DFormation of disulphide bonds
- EModification of N-linked oligosaccharide side chains
- FOxygen-linked glycosylation
- GMannose-6-phosphate modification
- HSorting to final destinations
51Which of the following are Golgi modifications of proteins?
- ANitrogen-linked glycosylation
- BCompletion of translation
- CFolding of proteins
- DFormation of disulphide bonds
- EModification of N-linked oligosaccharide side chains
- FOxygen-linked glycosylation
- GMannose-6-phosphate modification
- HSorting to final destinations
52What is direct sorting in the golgi network?
- AVesicles travelling straight to the membrane from the golgi apparatus
- BVesicles travelling from the golgi to the wrong domain and then being retrieved by early endosomes and being sent to the correct domain such as the membrane
53What is indirect sorting in the golgi network?
- AVesicles travelling from the golgi to the wrong domain and then being retrieved by early endosomes and being sent to the correct domain such as the membrane
- BVesicles travelling straight to the membrane from the golgi apparatus
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