Quiz
Week 4
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Perguntas do quiz (41)
1Qualitative research is.... (4)
- AIn-depth
- BInterested in meanings, perspectives and understandings
- CSeeing through the eyes of those who are studied
- DExploratory
- EEmphasis on numbers
- FTheory testing
- GObjective
2"Do longer opening houses on Christmas Day improve profits?" is an example of a qualitative question
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
3"How do shop workers feel about working on Christmas Day?" is an example of a qualitative question
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
4"Do longer opening hours on Christmas Day improve profits?" is an example of...
- AA qualitative question
- BA quantitative question
5Qualitative research is...
- AEmphasis on words, theory development, subjective, understanding the world through the eyes of the participants, inductive
Specific observations -> Pattern -> Theory/Hypothesis - BEmphasis on numbers, theory testing, objective, deductive
Theory/hypothesis -> Observation -> Confirmation - CEmphasis on words, theory development, subjective, understanding the world through the eyes of the participants, deductive
Specific observations -> Pattern -> Theory/Hypothesis
- AEmphasis on words, theory development, subjective, understanding the world through the eyes of the participants, inductive
6Quantitative research is...
- AEmphasis on words, theory development, subjective, understanding the world through the eyes of the participants, deductive
Specific observations -> Pattern -> Theory/Hypothesis - BEmphasis on numbers, theory testing, objective, deductive
Theory/hypothesis -> Observation -> Confirmation
- AEmphasis on words, theory development, subjective, understanding the world through the eyes of the participants, deductive
7Quantitative research involves a constructivist/interpretivist philosophy
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
8Qualitative research...
- AConstructivist/interpretivist philosopy, multiple realities exist, socially constructed truths, does not seek "yes or no" answers but an understanding and interpretation of a phenomenon
- BPositivist/objectivist philosophy, one universal truth or reality which can be captured, yes or no
9Quantitative research...
- AConstructivist/interpretivist philosopy, multiple realities exist, socially constructed truths, does not seek "yes or no" answers but an understanding and interpretation of a phenomenon
- BPositivist/objectivist philosophy, one universal truth or reality which can be captured, yes or no
10Identify the qualitative research methodologies: (5)
- AGrounded theory
- BEthonography
- CQualitative
- DMethods
- EPhenomology
- FAction research
- GMoral research
- HObservation
- ICase studies
11Grounded theory
- A- An in depth investigation/study of a single individual, group, incident or community
- A research strategy, which investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context
- Hollistic and comprehensive
Single case study
- In depth analysis
Multiple case studies
- Comparison of case study examples
- Case study research usually involves more than one research method instrument
- Surveys, interviews, focus groups, observation, document analysis
Example:
Tensions between ambition and reality in UK combined arts festival programming: case study of the Lichfield festival.
- Examples the contradiction between reality and the expressed goals of many local combined arts festivals in the UK - B- Does not work with a theoretical frame work or literature review - exploratory
- Theory is "grounded" in the data
- Aim to explain concepts - " why or how", not just to describe them
- Concerned with the experience of a situation in its most natural setting
- Evolves and emerges through constant reference to its own findings from the field
Pratical considerations:
- Observations of the subject area itself (what activities occur?)
- Accessing public or private records (e.g. photograph, diary, biography, news report, survey, government or organisational document....)
- Conversing with individuals or a group of individuals, face-to-face or remotely
Example:
- Communication about death: a study of a random sample of dying people
- "She didn't cry but pushed it to the back of her mind and said 'what's for tea?'"
(A husband describing the reaction of his wife to the announcement of her terminal condition) - C- Originally primarily anthropological research
- Visits to foreign lands and unknown groups of people (tribes, villages...)
- Researcher would spend considerable time living with this group to gain understanding of culture, languages, etc..
- Seeks hollistic understanding
- Study of social phenomena or cultural norms
- Organisation ethnography
- Organisations are cultural communities
- Ethnographic approaches provide in-depth and up-close understandings of how the 'everyday-ness' of work is organised
- Pratical considerations:
- Mainly uses observation
- Access needs to be considered
- Open access: the researcher does not need permission to collect data and observe the population e.g. groups in shopping centres, festivals or any other public settings
- Closed access: the researcher needs permission and introductions from the 'gatekeeper' of the population, e.g. hospitals schools and corporations
Example:
An organisation can analyse the latest buying patterns to understand its customer; however, people often can't articulate what they're looking for in products or services
- Intel employs two dozen anthropologists and ethnographers to understand its customers' needs and identify future trends
- By understanding how people live, researchers discover otherwise elusive trends that inform the company's future strategies
- Smartphones: the technology perspectives of teenagers, who have used cell phones since they were in elementary school will differ to those of older generations - D- Concerned with understanding social phenomena
- No unified approach exists
- Phenomenology is closely related to the philosophy of 'being in the world' and the conscious experience of this
- Emphasis on the world as lived by a person and on their experience and interpretation of it
- The essential structure of the phenomena under investigation becomes more and more clear through analysis of the data
- The researcher needs to be open to themes that emerge, to find out what the individual themes in common and what is unique to them
- Should go beyond description to an interpretation of what is found
Example (PHD):
An example of a co-operative approach to sustainable rural tourism development in India - A stakeholder perspective
- To understand the challenges faced by rural communities
- To establish if tourism is a sustainable approach in addressing these challenges
- To explore the motivations to form co-operatives in this context - E- Dates back to Kurt Lewin, a social psychologist in the 1940's, who applied the term to organisational research and the specific needs of organisations
- To identify and solve problems within an organisational context in collaborative cycles
- Planning
- Taking action
- Evaluating action
-> Repeat process
Example:
Developing ourselves as Police Leaders: How can we inquire collaboratively in a hierarchical organisation
- 18 month long action inquiry project
- Researcher facilitated (and co-inquired with a mixed group of police officers)
- Intention of improving leadership practices
- A- An in depth investigation/study of a single individual, group, incident or community
12Ethnography
- A- An indepth investigation/study of a single individual, group, incident or community
- A research strategy, which investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context
- Hollistic and comprehensive
Single case study
- In depth analysis
Multiple case studies
- Comparison of case study examples
- Case study research usually involves more than one research method instrument
- Surveys, interviews, focus groups, observation, document analysis
Example:
Tensions between ambition and reality in UK combined arts festival programming: case study of the Lichfield festival.
- Examples the contradiction between reality and the expressed goals of many local combined arts festivals in the UK - B- Dates back to Kurt Lewin, a social psychologist in the 1940's, who applied the term to organisational research and the specific needs of organisations
- To identify and solve problems within an organisational context in collaborative cycles
- Planning
- Taking action
- Evaluating action
-> Repeat process
Example:
Developing ourselves as Police Leaders: How can we inquire collaboratively in a hierarchical organisation
- 18 month long action inquiry project
- Researcher facilitated (and co-inquired with a mixed group of police officers)
- Intention of improving leadership practices - C- Concerned with understanding social phenomena
- No unified approach exists
- Phenomenology is closely related to the philosophy of 'being in the world' and the conscious experience of this
- Emphasis on the world as lived by a person and on their experience and interpretation of it
- The essential structure of the phenomena under investigation becomes more and more clear through analysis of the data
- The researcher needs to be open to themes that emerge, to find out what the individual themes in common and what is unique to them
- Should go beyond description to an interpretation of what is found
Example (PHD):
An example of a co-operative approach to sustainable rural tourism development in India - A stakeholder perspective
- To understand the challenges faced by rural communities
- To establish if tourism is a sustainable approach in addressing these challenges
- To explore the motivations to form co-operatives in this context - D- Originally primarily anthropological research
- Visits to foreign lands and unknown groups of people (tribes, villages...)
- Researcher would spend considerable time living with this group to gain understanding of culture, languages, etc..
- Seeks hollistic understanding
- Study of social phenomena or cultural norms
- Organisation ethnography
- Organisations are cultural communities
- Ethnographic approaches provide in-depth and up-close understandings of how the 'everyday-ness' of work is organised
- Pratical considerations:
- Mainly uses observation
- Access needs to be considered
- Open access: the researcher does not need permission to collect data and observe the population e.g. groups in shopping centres, festivals or any other public settings
- Closed access: the researcher needs permission and introductions from the 'gatekeeper' of the population, e.g. hospitals schools and corporations
Example:
An organisation can analyse the latest buying patterns to understand its customer; however, people often can't articulate what they're looking for in products or services
- Intel employs two dozen anthropologists and ethnographers to understand its customers' needs and identify future trends
- By understanding how people live, researchers discover otherwise elusive trends that inform the company's future strategies
- Smartphones: the technology perspectives of teenagers, who have used cell phones since they were in elementary school will differ to those of older generations - E- Does not work with a theoretical frame work or literature review - exploratory
- Theory is "grounded" in the data
- Aim to explain concepts - " why or how", not just to describe them
- Concerned with the experience of a situation in its most natural setting
- Evolves and emerges through constant reference to its own findings from the field
Pratical considerations:
- Observations of the subject area itself (what activities occur?)
- Accessing public or private records (e.g. photograph, diary, biography, news report, survey, government or organisational document....)
- Conversing with individuals or a group of individuals, face-to-face or remotely
Example:
- Communication about death: a study of a random sample of dying people
- "She didn't cry but pushed it to the back of her mind and said 'what's for tea?'"
(A husband describing the reaction of his wife to the announcement of her terminal condition)
- A- An indepth investigation/study of a single individual, group, incident or community
13Phenomenology
- A- An indepth investigation/study of a single individual, group, incident or community
- A research strategy, which investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context
- Hollistic and comprehensive
Single case study
- In depth analysis
Multiple case studies
- Comparison of case study examples
- Case study research usually involves more than one research method instrument
- Surveys, interviews, focus groups, observation, document analysis
Example:
Tensions between ambition and reality in UK combined arts festival programming: case study of the Lichfield festival.
- Examples the contradiction between reality and the expressed goals of many local combined arts festivals in the UK - B- Dates back to Kurt Lewin, a social psychologist in the 1940's, who applied the term to organisational research and the specific needs of organisations
- To identify and solve problems within an organisational context in collaborative cycles
- Planning
- Taking action
- Evaluating action
-> Repeat process
Example:
Developing ourselves as Police Leaders: How can we inquire collaboratively in a hierarchical organisation
- 18 month long action inquiry project
- Researcher facilitated (and co-inquired with a mixed group of police officers)
- Intention of improving leadership practices - C- Does not work with a theoretical frame work or literature review - exploratory
- Theory is "grounded" in the data
- Aim to explain concepts - " why or how", not just to describe them
- Concerned with the experience of a situation in its most natural setting
- Evolves and emerges through constant reference to its own findings from the field
Pratical considerations:
- Observations of the subject area itself (what activities occur?)
- Accessing public or private records (e.g. photograph, diary, biography, news report, survey, government or organisational document....)
- Conversing with individuals or a group of individuals, face-to-face or remotely
Example:
- Communication about death: a study of a random sample of dying people
- "She didn't cry but pushed it to the back of her mind and said 'what's for tea?'"
(A husband describing the reaction of his wife to the announcement of her terminal condition) - D- Originally primarily anthropological research
- Visits to foreign lands and unknown groups of people (tribes, villages...)
- Researcher would spend considerable time living with this group to gain understanding of culture, languages, etc..
- Seeks hollistic understanding
- Study of social phenomena or cultural norms
- Organisation ethnography
- Organisations are cultural communities
- Ethnographic approaches provide in-depth and up-close understandings of how the 'everyday-ness' of work is organised
- Pratical considerations:
- Mainly uses observation
- Access needs to be considered
- Open access: the researcher does not need permission to collect data and observe the population e.g. groups in shopping centres, festivals or any other public settings
- Closed access: the researcher needs permission and introductions from the 'gatekeeper' of the population, e.g. hospitals schools and corporations
Example:
An organisation can analyse the latest buying patterns to understand its customer; however, people often can't articulate what they're looking for in products or services
- Intel employs two dozen anthropologists and ethnographers to understand its customers' needs and identify future trends
- By understanding how people live, researchers discover otherwise elusive trends that inform the company's future strategies
- Smartphones: the technology perspectives of teenagers, who have used cell phones since they were in elementary school will differ to those of older generations - E- Concerned with understanding social phenomena
- No unified approach exists
- Phenomenology is closely related to the philosophy of 'being in the world' and the conscious experience of this
- Emphasis on the world as lived by a person and on their experience and interpretation of it
- The essential structure of the phenomena under investigation becomes more and more clear through analysis of the data
- The researcher needs to be open to themes that emerge, to find out what the individual themes in common and what is unique to them
- Should go beyond description to an interpretation of what is found
Example (PHD):
An example of a co-operative approach to sustainable rural tourism development in India - A stakeholder perspective
- To understand the challenges faced by rural communities
- To establish if tourism is a sustainable approach in addressing these challenges
- To explore the motivations to form co-operatives in this context
- A- An indepth investigation/study of a single individual, group, incident or community
14Action research
- A- An in depth investigation/study of a single individual, group, incident or community
- A research strategy, which investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context
- Hollistic and comprehensive
Single case study
- In depth analysis
Multiple case studies
- Comparison of case study examples
- Case study research usually involves more than one research method instrument
- Surveys, interviews, focus groups, observation, document analysis
Example:
Tensions between ambition and reality in UK combined arts festival programming: case study of the Lichfield festival.
- Examples the contradiction between reality and the expressed goals of many local combined arts festivals in the UK - B- Originally primarily anthropological research
- Visits to foreign lands and unknown groups of people (tribes, villages...)
- Researcher would spend considerable time living with this group to gain understanding of culture, languages, etc..
- Seeks hollistic understanding
- Study of social phenomena or cultural norms
- Organisation ethnography
- Organisations are cultural communities
- Ethnographic approaches provide in-depth and up-close understandings of how the 'everyday-ness' of work is organised
- Pratical considerations:
- Mainly uses observation
- Access needs to be considered
- Open access: the researcher does not need permission to collect data and observe the population e.g. groups in shopping centres, festivals or any other public settings
- Closed access: the researcher needs permission and introductions from the 'gatekeeper' of the population, e.g. hospitals schools and corporations
Example:
An organisation can analyse the latest buying patterns to understand its customer; however, people often can't articulate what they're looking for in products or services
- Intel employs two dozen anthropologists and ethnographers to understand its customers' needs and identify future trends
- By understanding how people live, researchers discover otherwise elusive trends that inform the company's future strategies
- Smartphones: the technology perspectives of teenagers, who have used cell phones since they were in elementary school will differ to those of older generations - C- Dates back to Kurt Lewin, a social psychologist in the 1940's, who applied the term to organisational research and the specific needs of organisations
- To identify and solve problems within an organisational context in collaborative cycles
- Planning
- Taking action
- Evaluating action
-> Repeat process
Example:
Developing ourselves as Police Leaders: How can we inquire collaboratively in a hierarchical organisation
- 18 month long action inquiry project
- Researcher facilitated (and co-inquired with a mixed group of police officers)
- Intention of improving leadership practices - D- Does not work with a theoretical frame work or literature review - exploratory
- Theory is "grounded" in the data
- Aim to explain concepts - " why or how", not just to describe them
- Concerned with the experience of a situation in its most natural setting
- Evolves and emerges through constant reference to its own findings from the field
Pratical considerations:
- Observations of the subject area itself (what activities occur?)
- Accessing public or private records (e.g. photograph, diary, biography, news report, survey, government or organisational document....)
- Conversing with individuals or a group of individuals, face-to-face or remotely
Example:
- Communication about death: a study of a random sample of dying people
- "She didn't cry but pushed it to the back of her mind and said 'what's for tea?'"
(A husband describing the reaction of his wife to the announcement of her terminal condition) - E- Concerned with understanding social phenomena
- No unified approach exists
- Phenomenology is closely related to the philosophy of 'being in the world' and the conscious experience of this
- Emphasis on the world as lived by a person and on their experience and interpretation of it
- The essential structure of the phenomena under investigation becomes more and more clear through analysis of the data
- The researcher needs to be open to themes that emerge, to find out what the individual themes in common and what is unique to them
- Should go beyond description to an interpretation of what is found
Example (PHD):
An example of a co-operative approach to sustainable rural tourism development in India - A stakeholder perspective
- To understand the challenges faced by rural communities
- To establish if tourism is a sustainable approach in addressing these challenges
- To explore the motivations to form co-operatives in this context
- A- An in depth investigation/study of a single individual, group, incident or community
15Case studies
- A- Does not work with a theoretical frame work or literature review - exploratory
- Theory is "grounded" in the data
- Aim to explain concepts - " why or how", not just to describe them
- Concerned with the experience of a situation in its most natural setting
- Evolves and emerges through constant reference to its own findings from the field
Pratical considerations:
- Observations of the subject area itself (what activities occur?)
- Accessing public or private records (e.g. photograph, diary, biography, news report, survey, government or organisational document....)
- Conversing with individuals or a group of individuals, face-to-face or remotely
Example:
- Communication about death: a study of a random sample of dying people
- "She didn't cry but pushed it to the back of her mind and said 'what's for tea?'"
(A husband describing the reaction of his wife to the announcement of her terminal condition) - B- Dates back to Kurt Lewin, a social psychologist in the 1940's, who applied the term to organisational research and the specific needs of organisations
- To identify and solve problems within an organisational context in collaborative cycles
- Planning
- Taking action
- Evaluating action
-> Repeat process
Example:
Developing ourselves as Police Leaders: How can we inquire collaboratively in a hierarchical organisation
- 18 month long action inquiry project
- Researcher facilitated (and co-inquired with a mixed group of police officers)
- Intention of improving leadership practices - C- An indepth investigation/study of a single individual, group, incident or community
- A research strategy, which investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context
- Hollistic and comprehensive
Single case study
- In depth analysis
Multiple case studies
- Comparison of case study examples
- Case study research usually involves more than one research method instrument
- Surveys, interviews, focus groups, observation, document analysis
Example:
Tensions between ambition and reality in UK combined arts festival programming: case study of the Lichfield festival.
- Examples the contradiction between reality and the expressed goals of many local combined arts festivals in the UK - D- Concerned with understanding social phenomena
- No unified approach exists
- Phenomenology is closely related to the philosophy of 'being in the world' and the conscious experience of this
- Emphasis on the world as lived by a person and on their experience and interpretation of it
- The essential structure of the phenomena under investigation becomes more and more clear through analysis of the data
- The researcher needs to be open to themes that emerge, to find out what the individual themes in common and what is unique to them
- Should go beyond description to an interpretation of what is found
Example (PHD):
An example of a co-operative approach to sustainable rural tourism development in India - A stakeholder perspective
- To understand the challenges faced by rural communities
- To establish if tourism is a sustainable approach in addressing these challenges
- To explore the motivations to form co-operatives in this context - E- Originally primarily anthropological research
- Visits to foreign lands and unknown groups of people (tribes, villages...)
- Researcher would spend considerable time living with this group to gain understanding of culture, languages, etc..
- Seeks hollistic understanding
- Study of social phenomena or cultural norms
- Organisation ethnography
- Organisations are cultural communities
- Ethnographic approaches provide in-depth and up-close understandings of how the 'everyday-ness' of work is organised
- Pratical considerations:
- Mainly uses observation
- Access needs to be considered
- Open access: the researcher does not need permission to collect data and observe the population e.g. groups in shopping centres, festivals or any other public settings
- Closed access: the researcher needs permission and introductions from the 'gatekeeper' of the population, e.g. hospitals schools and corporations
Example:
An organisation can analyse the latest buying patterns to understand its customer; however, people often can't articulate what they're looking for in products or services
- Intel employs two dozen anthropologists and ethnographers to understand its customers' needs and identify future trends
- By understanding how people live, researchers discover otherwise elusive trends that inform the company's future strategies
- Smartphones: the technology perspectives of teenagers, who have used cell phones since they were in elementary school will differ to those of older generations
- A- Does not work with a theoretical frame work or literature review - exploratory
16Interviews, focus groups and observation are types of:
- AData collection methods
- BData collection methodologies
- CResearch designs
17Structured interviews... (4)
- AStick to predetermined questions and pre-coded answers, making standardisation easier and data analysis more efficient
- BMore suitable for large scale projects looking for specific data from a wide range of participants
- CGives interviews some structure/touches upon key points
- DTakes significant amount of money
- EAllows for a degree of flexibility to vary question and change their sequencing as appropriate to allow new themes to emerge
- FMainly quantitative
18Semi structured interviews allow for a degree of flexibility to vary question and change their sequencing as appropriate to allow new themes to emerge, and give interviews some structure/touch upon key points
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
19Unstructured interviews... (3)
- ACan become difficult to manage and analyse
- BAllows for a degree of flexibility to vary question and change their sequencing as appropriate to allow new themes to emerge
- CAllow the highest degree of flexibility
- DThe researcher dictates the topic of discussion and only interferes minimally while letting the participants develop their own thoughts
20Practical considerations for interviews: (3)
- AAsk warm up questions
- BCollect qualitative data first
- CSensitive questions at the end
- DEnsure the sample is large enough
- EUse probing techniques
e.g. - Silence
- Echo (point is repeated)
- Follow up (tell me more, could you expand on...)
- Agreement (yes, okay)
21When designing interview questions researchers should:
Avoid
- Double barrelled (are you happy with your job and home life?)
- Leading (don't you agree that.../what fears do you have about...)
- Closed (do you value your job?)
Use
- Open questions (how do you feel about your job)- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
22Identify the pros and cons of Interviews (7)
- ADirect feedback
- BAble to follow up on questions
- CRequires well trained facilitator
- DIn depth understanding
- EFlexible
- FTime consuming
- GInterviewer error or bias
- HCan generate a lot of data = makes analysis challenging
23Focus groups are an interview type with a group of people who are representative of the target population to discover how different groups think and feel about a topic
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
24Identify the pos and cons of focus groups (6)
- AFairly easy and cheap to set up
- BQuickly generates a lot of data
- CParticipants can build on each other's responses
- DCan be difficult to manage
- ESometimes people will lie
- FLarge amount of data may be difficult to analyse
- GRequires well trained facilitator
25There are two forms of observation
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
26Identify the two forms of observation
- ASimple observation
- BForward observation
- CBackward observation
- DContrived observation
27Observation does not provide a direct insight into a phenomenon under investigation
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
28In simple observation...
- Athe researcher plays a passive, non-intrusive role when observing a situation or phenomenon
- Bthe researcher actively varies the setting in some way
29In contrived observation...
- Athe researcher plays a passive, non-intrusive role when observing a situation or phenomenon
- Bthe researcher actively varies the setting in some way
30Identify the pro's and con's of observation (6)
- ARecords actual behaviour rather than participants narrative on behaviour
- BRecords participants narrative on behaviour
- CFlexible: can be highly structured and systematic or unstructured and be used for qualitative as well as quantitative purposes
- DComplementary with other approaches: useful for triangulation purposes
- ETime consuming
- FObserver bias
- GObserver effect
31Qualitative research is sometimes scrutinised as being unscientific as it is difficult to assess its reliability and validity in the same ways that apply to quantitative studies
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
32Identify the truth value issues for quantitative and qualitative research (2)
- AValidity
- BReliability
- CCredibility
33Identify the consistency issues for qualitative and quantitative research.. (2)
- AObjectivity
- BDependability
- CReliability
34Identify the neutrality issues for quantitative and qualitative research (2)
- AGeneralisability
- BObjectivity
- CConfirmability
35Identify the applicability issues for quantitative and qualitative research (2)
- AValidity
- BGeneralisability
- CTransferability
36What is the main issue with quantitative research?
- AValidity in general
- BTrustworthiness in general
37What is the main issue with qualitative research?
- AValidity in general
- BTrustworthiness in general
38Credibility...
- AMay not always be an aim of qualitative research; however, it addresses the question whether findings can theoretically, if not statistically, be applied to other settings
- BTheory development reflects the interview data
- CRefers to the consistency of findings and interpretations between different researchers
39Dependability...
- ARefers to the consistency of findings and interpretations between different researchers
- BMay not always be an aim of qualitative research; however, it addresses the question whether findings can theoretically, if not statistically, be applied to other settings
- CTheory development reflects the interview data
- ARefers to the consistency of findings and interpretations between different researchers
40Transferability...
- ATheory development reflects the interview data
- BMay not always be an aim of qualitative researcher; however, it addresses the question whether findings can be theoretically, if not statistically, be applied to other settings
- CRefers to the consistency of findings and interpretations between different researchers
41Bias means we are shaped by our personal beliefs and experiences, it can occur in the methods that are chosen, in the selection of participants, the way questions are formulated, data is interpreted ect.
It is important to acknowledge this and aim to limit our preconceptions as much as possible- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
Informações
- Descrição
- Quiz sobre Week 4, criado por Tegan Cannon em 26-04-2015.
- Autor
- Tegan Cannon
- Idioma
- English
- Visualizações
- 0
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