Quiz
Language Development
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Perguntas do quiz (103)
1Can a foetus perceive their mother's voice before they are even born?
- AYes
- BNo
2A study has shown that newborns show a preference for their ________ voice over others (DeCasper & Fifer, 1980)
- AMother's
- BFather's
- CStranger's
3How long has it been shown for infants to show preferences for their father's voice (DeCasper & Prescott, 1984)?
- ALess than three days
- BAbout three days
- CMore than three days
4It has been shown that infants have a preference for "Cat in the Hat" over other phrases because of the specific speaker (the mother) and speech (Spence & DeCasper, 1982). Is this statement true or false?
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
5What are newborns learning when starting language development?
- AIntonation
- BPitch
- CSpeed
- DTransience
- EVocabulary
6How long does it take for infants to show perceptual narrowness in their native language (Kuhl, et al., 2005)?
- A1-2 months
- B2-4 months
- C4-6 months
- D6-8 months
- E8-12 months
7Is perceptual narrowing likely to be because of maturation?
- AYes
- BNo
8Kuhl (et al., 2003) had infants, whose parents were English, exposed to English or Mandarin. Did the children retain more phonemic discrimination at 12 months' old with English or Mandarin?
- AEnglish
- BMandarin
- CNeither
9At what point did the infants in Kuhl's (et al., 2003) study retain phonemic discrimination?
- A2 months old
- B6 months old
- C12 months old
- D24 months old
10The two language stages that all children go through are the [blank_start]pre-language[blank_end] and [blank_start]early language[blank_end] phases.
- Apre-language
- Bearly language
11How long is the pre-language phase for infants?
- A0-2 months
- B0-6 months
- C0-12 months
12How long is the early language phase for infants?
- A12-18 months
- B12-24 months
- C12-30 months
13In the pre-language phase for children, there is the ________ ________ phase, which last between 4-6 months.
- AEgocentric talk
- BEgocentric babble
14In the pre-language phase for children, there is the ________ ________ ________, which last for 7-12 months.
- ASocial babble phase
- BSocial talk phase
15Babbling is:
- ATalk between infants and adults
- BTalk infants do to themselves
- CTalk infants do to objects
16Children babble ________ when adults talk to them (Bloom, 1988).
- AMore
- BLess
17It has been shown that deaf children growing up in a signing environment can also babble in sign. Is this statement true or false?
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
18In the beginning of the early language phase (10-12 months), an infant's first words are:
- ANouns
- BAdjectives
- CVerbs
19In a lot of cases during the early language phase (10-12 months), infants will mismatch ________. For example, they could over-extend to generalise an object that is similar to something else, or over-restrict and only use it for specific instances.
- AMeanings
- BNouns
- CVerbs
20What are the two most common object names for infants during the early language phase?
- A"Teddy" and "mummy"
- B"Car" and "daddy"
- C"Mummy" and "Daddy"
21How long does it usually take for an infant to reach up to 30 words in their vocabulary?
- A1-2 months
- B2-3 months
- C3-4 months
22How many words does an 18-month infant typically know?
- A10
- B30
- C50
23By the time infants reach 18-22 months old, they have a vocabulary spurt and know up to ____ words.
- A100
- B200
- C300
24According to Landau (1994) the first few words of an infant are:
- AExternal
- BInternal
25________-________ Interaction (Shipley, Kuhn & Madden, 1983) refers to when infants' words are made clear as to whether they are general or more specific. The words will either be corrected (eg, "No, this is a rabbit) or reaffirmed (eg, "Yes, this is a rabbit")
- AObject-Child
- BParent-Child
- CParent-Infant
26________ ________ (Gleitman, 1990) believes that infants use grammar to infer word meanings. In other words, semantics are tied to syntax.
- ASyntactic bootstrapping
- BSemantic bootstrapping
- CGrammatical bootstrapping
27In some cases with syntactic bootstrapping, distinctions can be made between verbs that take an object (transitive) and those that do not (intransitive). Is this statement true or false?
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
28At what stage do infants move from gesture-word combinations to whole-word combinations?
- A6-12 months
- B12-18 months
- C18-24 months
- D18-30 months
29________ ________ omits non-essential linking words.
- ATelegraphic speech
- BSemantic speech
- COrthographic speech
30By what age are children masters at complex syntactic structures and grammatical rules?
- AA year old
- B2 years old
- C3 years old
- D5 years old
31________-________ speech is a productive way of improving an infant's vocabulary because of the slower rate of speech, higher intonation, and longer pauses. Keywords are emphasised with a higher and louder voice.
- AInfant-directed
- BInfant-parent
- CInfant-adult
32________ refers to when parents socially-scaffold their children's language development by teaching them the cultural differences in their languages. This also has a positive effect on their development.
- AMother tongue
- BMotherese
- CMother scaffolding
33Parents of deaf children don't use sign language, but rather lip-reading. This is known as:
- ALip-signing
- BHomesign
- CParent-infant signing
34Language is specifically understood and developed by humans only. Is this statement true or false?
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
35At what point do children tend to start making more syntactic errors?
- A1-2 years old
- B2-3 years old
- C3-4 years old
- D4-5 years old
36Some believe that the syntactic errors that children make as they grow older is evidence for an innate ________-________ system.
- AGrammar-learning
- BSyntax-learning
- COrthography-learning
37The theory of an underlying grammar-learning system attempting to find rules for all words has been disproved. This is because parents correct factual and grammatical errors in their children. Is this statement true or false?
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
38________, a behaviourist, believed that children learn language through a number of ways; imitation, trial-and-error, and rewards and punishment. He furthered his stance with the operant conditioning model (1957)
- ASkinner
- BWhorf
- CChomsky
- DPiaget
39________'s approach to language development was universalist and believed that there are grounded aspects of language that we are predisposed to. He believes that language and thought are separate, and furthers his stance with the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) (1965)
- AChomsky
- BWhorf
- CSkinner
- DPiaget
40________ posits that there are core features in all languages, however, children pick up the grammatical rules of their own languages dependent on where they are from. For example, syntactic planning will differ between English, Chinese, Arabic, and Serbian people.
- ANativism
- BBehaviourism
41(Tick the boxes that apply). The issue with the behaviourist approach to syntactic learning is that:
- AChildren learn a lot more rapidly than it states
- BChildren learn a lot more slowly than it states
- CChildren say things that they have never heard before
- DChildren don't say things that they have never heard of before
- EA lot of what children say in everyday interactions is actually grammatically correct
- FA lot of what children say in everyday interactions is not grammatically correct
42The lateralisation of language, according to Chomsky, resides in which brain hemisphere?
- ALeft
- BRight
43Does lateralisation develop before or after birth?
- ABefore
- BAfter
44What happens if an individual were to suffer brain damage to their left hemisphere?
- ATheir right hemisphere would take over language learning
- BThey would not be able to learn language at all
45When is the critical period for learning, according to Lennenberg (1967)?
- ABirth and 10 years old
- BBirth and puberty
- CBirth and adulthood
46The effects of language deprivation in a child's development are:
- APermanent and irreversible
- BManageable and able to change
47In 1970, a 13-year-old girl named Genie was discovered in Los Angeles (CA). She was severely malnourished and told not to speak or make any noise. Did she ever develop her grammatical competency?
- AYes
- BNo
48Those with ASL are poorer with language when exposed to it late because of:
- AReduced perceptive competency
- BReduced brain lateralisation
49Immigrants who try to learn the languages of their new countries are ________ to adapt, regardless of their educational level.
- AUnable (the older you get, the harder it becomes)
- BAble (it doesn't matter how old you are)
50What is speech perception driven by?
- ASocially scaffolded experiences
- BGenetically scaffolded experiences
- COther things
51According to Vihman (1996), do children apply systematic strategies to challenging words so that they fit with what they can capably pronounce?
- AYes
- BNo
52There are cultural variations in children's errors in languages. For example, Chinese children master their tone system by 2 years old (So & Dodd, 1995). Do Cantonese children develop more quickly than English-speaking children?
- AYes, they do
- BNo, they do not
53Is the maturation of the vocal tract modifiable by socialisation (eg, parental development) or is it resistant to correction?
- ASocialisation
- BResistant to correction
54According to Tincoff and Jusczyk (1999), when 6-month olds listened to the words "mommy" and "daddy" whilst watching side-by-side videos, did they pay attention more to the named parent?
- AYes, they did
- BNo, they did not
55According to Bloom (1998), by 6 years old children know how many words?
- A2,000
- B4,000
- C6,000
- D20,000
56Does comprehension shape a child's language development?
- AYes
- BNo
57In their first 50 words, do infants prefer still or moving objects?
- AStill objects
- BMoving objects
58Does imitation help to stimulate vocabulary growth for infants?
- AYes
- BNo
59Researchers have discovered that children can connect a new word with an underlying concept after only a brief encounter. This is called:
- ASpatial mapping
- BWord mapping
- CFast-mapping
60Do toddlers take time to become acquainted with fast-mapping, according to Swingley (2010)?
- AYes, they do
- BNo, they do not
61According to Fenson (et al., 1994), who is slightly ahead in early vocabulary growth?
- AGirls
- BBoys
62According to Berk, is the explanation for girls' rapid vocabulary growth because of their faster physical maturation and the promotion of development of the left cerebral hemisphere?
- AYes
- BNo
63According to Salley and Dixon (2007), are temperamentally negative toddlers slower or faster at vocabulary acquisition?
- ASlower
- BFaster
64According to Spere (et al., 2004), do shy toddlers remain behind or further ahead those around them in their preschool years for language development?
- ASlightly behind
- BSlightly ahead
65Do parents tend to talk to toddler-age girls or boys?
- AGirls
- BBoys
66Do parents converse less or more with shy children according to research (Leaper, Anderson, Sanders, 1998; Patterson & Fisher, 2002)?
- ALess with shy children
- BMore with shy children
67According to Hoff (2006), do children from lower SES backgrounds have a smaller vocabulary?
- AYes
- BNo
68In Swedish, is the phonology easier or more difficult to discriminate? Is it harder to identify syllable and word boundaries?
- AYes
- BNo
69Do Mandarin Chinese parents present their children with many short words that are easy to pronounce?
- AYes
- BNo
70According to language development, referential style refers to:
- AVocabulary consisting of words referring to objects
- BVocabulary consisting of words referring to others (eg, parents, strangers)
71In language development, expressive style refers to:
- AVocabularies revolving around more social pronouns and formula
- BVocabularies revolving less around social pronouns and formula, and more around verbs and adjectives
72According to Bates (et al., 1994) do referential-style toddlers think words are for naming things, and expressive-style toddlers think words are for talking about people's feelings and needs?
- AYes
- BNo
73Has research found there to be cultural differences in language styles and acquisitions in cultures? For example, American mothers tend to use nouns for labelling, compared to Asian mothers that rely on group membership.
- AYes
- BNo
74In language development, underextensions refer to:
- AWords that apply too narrowly
- BWords that apply too broadly
75In language development, overextensions refer to:
- AApplying a word too broadly
- BApplying a word too narrowly
76Do children as young as 2 years old fill in for words that they have not learned yet? For example, instead of "gardener", they say "plant-man".
- AYes
- BNo
77Do preschoolers extend language meanings through metaphor? For example, Winner (1988) observed a 3-year-old describe a stomach ache as a "fire engine in my tummy".
- AYes
- BNo
78Do children benefit from engaging with expert speakers according to Weizman and Snow (2001)?
- AYes, they do
- BNo, they do not
79By 5 or 6 years old, can children add new words to their vocabulary by simply being given a definition? Does their vocabulary become more organised and definitive?
- AYes
- BNo
80Has research shown adult feedback to help facilitate development? For example, "That's not a car. It's a truck. See, it has a place to put things in" (Chapman, Leonard & Mervis, 1986).
- AYes
- BNo
81Fast-mapping is supported by which store?
- APhonological store
- BOrthographic store
- CSyntactic store
82According to Gathercole (et al., 1997) phonological memory is not the sole provider of word learning. Does this mean that semantic knowledge influences the speed with which children form phonological traces that affect vocabulary growth?
- AYes
- BNo
83In language development, mutual exclusivity bias refers to:
- AThe assumption that words are entirely separate and non-overlapping
- BThe assumption that words are fully overlapping and easily interchangeable
84According to Berk (2012), once toddlers have acquired roughly 75 words, they begin to illustrate a shape bias. This refers to:
- APrevious learning of nouns based on shape, which heightens attention to the shape properties of additional objects
- BA bias towards shaping definitive properties of words
85The emergentist coalition model (Golinkoff & Hirsh-Pasek, 2006) refers to:
- AWord learning strategies emerging out of children's efforts to understand language, and coalition cues (perceptual, social, and linguistic) shifting in importance as they grow older
- BWord learning strategies that are inhibited by development and become more pronounced as children grow older
86Telegraphic speech refers to:
- ATwo-word utterances that resemble a telegram; high-content words with smaller and less important ones
- BMultiple-word utterances that are spoken too quickly for anyone to understand
87According to Lidz (2007), are children during their first word combinations more knowledgeable about grammar in comprehension or production?
- AComprehension
- BProduction
88Dittmar (et al., 2008) suggested that infants were primed during the Gertner, Fisher, and Eisengart (2006) study in order to accurately answer the questions. When Chan (et al., 2010) replicated it, did children show preferences?
- AYes, they did
- BNo, they did not
89According to Tomasello (2003) is there evidence to suggest that children younger than 3 years old perform poorly when asked to use newly-learned verb constructions in which they have not heard the verb used before?
- AYes
- BNo
90Studies have found that English-speaking preschoolers performed well on tests for subject-verb-object orders when:
- AThey grow older
- BThey are younger
91In the studies of English-speaking preschoolers and their grasp of subject-verb-object ordering, at what age according to Tomasello (2003, 2006) and Chan (et al., 2010) did children acquire new verbs?
- A1
- B2
- C3 or 4
92In language development, gramatical morphemes are:
- ASmall markers that change the meanings of sentences (eg, "John's dog" and "he is eating")
- BSmall markers that maintain the structure and rigidity of sentences
93According to research, once children have acquired grammatical morphemes, they tend to commit to overegulisation. This is when children:
- AApply a regular morphological rule to everything
- BChildren do not apply the morphological rule enough times in sentences
94Is the reason that children often overregulise sentences and show inconsistent patterns because they frequently hear irregular forms in adult speech and learn them as a result?
- AYes
- BNo
95According to researchers (Maratos, 2000; Elman, 2003), do irregular forms of words eventually win? Because of how children learn irregular words used by adults in normal conversations, and thus learn by rote?
- AYes, they do
- BNo, they do not
96Do negations (eg, (1) nonexistence "All crackers gone", (2) rejection "No take bath!", and (3) denial "That's not my kitty!") appear in children? At what age, according to research (Clancy, 1985; Vaidyanathan, 1991; Tam & Stokes, 2001).
- A1 year olds
- B2 and 3 year olds
97In 2 and 3 year olds, the first negatives to appear are:
- ANonexistence
- BRejection
- CDenial
98In 2 and 3 year olds, the second negatives to appear are:
- ANonexistence
- BRejection
- CDenial
99In 2 and 3 year olds, the final negatives to appear are:
- ANonexistence
- BRejection
- CDenial
100In language development, semantic bootstrapping refers to:
- AChildren use words to understand sentence structuring
- BChildren use words to signify what they mean in their sentences
101In language development, turnabout refers to:
- AA speaker commenting on what was just said, but also requesting for it to be heard again
- BA speaker turning a conversation around to a different subject
102According to Wanska and Bedrosian (1985), shading refers to:
- AWhen a speaker initiates a change of topic by gradually modifying the focus of discussion
- BWhen a speaker imitates the other speaker's mimics and intonations
103In language development, illocutionary intent refers to:
- AWhat a speaker means to say, even if it was not said properly
- BWhat a speaker intends to say before they have actually said it
Informações
- Descrição
- developental saved (Finsihed) Quiz sobre Language Development, criado por murat sertay em 15-08-2016.
- Autor
- murat sertay
- Idioma
- English
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- 11
- Etiquetas
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