Flashcards
Part 2
Flashcards do conjunto (129)
- 1loudnessintensity of of sound, amplitude of sound wave
- 2timbredetermined by complexity of sound waves
- 3ciliafine, hair like prijections
- 4organ of coritsends auditory information to the brain, through cochlea nerve
- 5tonotopic representationrelationship between basilar membrane and auditory cortex, each part of basilar membrane responds to a certain frequency
- 6belt region (auditory cortex)first level of association cortex
- 7para belt regionhighest level of auditory association cortex
- 8anterior streamstart in the anterior para belt region and is involved in complex sound analysis
- 9posterior streamstart in posterior para belt region and is involved in sound localization
- 10place codefrequency of a sound wave is detected by the location of firing neurons
- 11rate codingpattern of firing neurons codes for the frequenc
- 12phase differencessimultaneous arrival of sound in each ear
- 13amusiainability to perceive or produce melody or rhythm
- 14vestribular systemcontrols balance and keeps head upright
- 15somatosensesinformation about what is happening on the surface of and inside our body
- 16cutaneous sensessenses of the skin, touch
- 17proprioception, kinesthesiainformation about position of the body and mevement
- 18organic sensesstem from receptors in and around internal organs
- 19glabrous skinharless skin on hand palms and feet
- 20merkels diskshairy glabrous skin, detection form roughness, mostly by fingertips
- 21ruffini corpuscleshairy glabrous skin, detection static force against skin, skin streching, proprioception
- 22meissners corpusclesglabrous skin, detection edge contours, braille like stimuli, fingertips
- 23pacinian corpuscleshairy glabrous skin, vibration
- 24mechanoreceptorsdetect stimuli that cause vibrations of the skin or changes in the pressure of the skin
- 25nociceptorsfree nerve ending stimulated by intense pressure, heat and chemically irritation substances
- 26umamiperception of monosodium glutamate, flavor enhancer
- 27adenosine triphosphate (ATP)neurotransmitter, produced by mitochondira, used for tasting
- 28chorda tympanibranch of facial cranial nerve, information from the tongue are sent through it
- 29nucleus of the solitary tractarrival of taste information, in medulla
- 30olfacationhelps avoid rotten food,
- 31selective Aattentiondirecting attention towards one thing while ignoring others
- 32distractionstimulus, interfering with processing of other stimulus
- 33attentianl capturerapid shift of attention towards different stimulus, such as a loud noise, sudden movement etc
- 34visual scanningeye movementst occuring during observation of a location or other object
- 35early filter theoriesonly certain stimuli pass the filters and are processed for semantic information (given attention)
- 36Sensory memory(broadbent)retains all incoming information for a fraction of a second and passes it through to the filter
- 37filteridentifies the message that attention is directed to, only lets attended message through to detector
- 38detectorprocesses the information of the attended message on a higher lvel of characteristics to establish the meaning of the message
- 39short term memoryretains the information which passed through in earlier stages for around 10-15 seconds and transfers to LTM
- 40attentuatoranalyses incoming message, regarding physical characteristics, language and message
- 41leaky filter modelpart of unattended message travels through, though less clearly present as attended message
- 42dictionary unitafter attentuator, consists of stored words, each havin a threshold for activation
- 43late filter theoriesfirst stimuli are processed, determining physical and semantic characteristics, THEN filter determines which stimuli are attended to INCORRECT
- 44processing capacitynumber of informaiton ppl can process at once, limited
- 45perceptual loaddifficulty of a task
- 46low load tasksonly use a small amout of processing capacity
- 47high load tasksharder, use more processing capacity
- 48load theory of attention (Lavie)reaction time increases when time irrelevant stimulus is present during low load task
- 49overt attentionshifting of attention from one thing to another by moving of eyes
- 50stroop effectblue
- 51stimulus saliencephysical characteristics of a stimulus
- 52saliency mapafter all salience characteristics are analyzed it is formed
- 53inattentional blindnessclearly visible stimulus is not perceived because attention is directed on something else
- 54bindingprocess, features like color shape movement are combined to form a coherent object
- 55binding problemlack of explanation for binding
- 56feature integration systemtries to explain binding in 2 stages
- 57pre-attentive stageobjects are analyzed for individual features in differents parts of the brain
- 58focused attention stageindividual features are combined
- 59Balint syndromedisorder in which one does not have the ability to focus on individual objects but can perceive features
- 60visual searchway to investigate the role of attention in binding
- 61conjunction searchtarget and distractors differ on more than one feature
- 62extrafusal muscle fibersmake muscles contract, cause movement of limbs
- 63alpha motor neuronscontrol extrafusal muscle fibers
- 64intrafusal muscle fibersspecialized sensory organs controlled by a sensory and a motor axon, control strength of movement
- 65myofibrilsconsists of actin and myosin protein chains, bundle of it forms single muscle fiber
- 66neuromuscular junctionsynapse between terminal button of an efferent neuron and the membrane of the muscle
- 67motor endplatepostsynaptic membrane
- 68monosynaptic stretch effectoccurs when weight in placed in someones hand
- 69somato topic organizationactivation of specific areas lead to movement in specific body parts
- 70motor homunculuslarge head hands and feet
- 71supplementary motor area (SMA)1
- 72premotor cortexmost important brain part for movement control
- 73modal model of memorysensory shjort term and long term memory
- 74iconic memory (visual buffer)large capacity, spontaneous decay, short duration (less than a second), representations
- 75echoic memory (auditory buffer)2
- 76proactive interferenceold material interfers with new
- 77retroactive interferencenew material interferes with remembering older information
- 78decaydecay of memory
- 79central executive systemno storage, but control, part of working memory
- 80phonological loopstores about 2 seconds of auditory information
- 81articulatory rehearsal sytemstores information by repeating it to yourself
- 82articulatory surpression studiesshow that rehearsal process cannot be used while speaking
- 83phonological similarity effectconfusion of letters and words with similar sounds
- 84episodic bufferstores information in multimodal code, representing visual, auditory and/or semandic information
- 85preservationfrontal lobe damage, repeatedly performing same action or tought
- 86working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch)visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, episodic buffer
- 87delayed response taskshows that working memory is located in frontal lobe
- 88neural mind readinglooking at fMRI brain patterns to establish whata people are thinking or perceiving
- 89visual imageryperceiving stimulis in absence of physical stimulus
- 90mental imageryability to reconstruct sensory world
- 91imageless tought debatethinking possible without imagery?
- 92paired-associate learningpairs of words are presented, participant has to recall second word after being confronted with first one
- 93conceptual peg hypothesisconcrete nouns create mental images, which other words can hold on to
- 94mental chronomentryinvolves determining of time needed to finish certain cognitive task
- 95epiphenomenonsomething accompanying the real mechasim without actually being part of it
- 96propositional representationimage can be represented by abstract symbols, like the word cat, rather than depictive representation
- 97mental walk taskparticipants imaginge walking twards animal, then estimating distance,results were in concordance with results using real perception
- 98imagery debatedebate whether mental images are based on spatial or propositional mechanisms
- 99unilateral neglectdisorder, patients are uncapable to perceive or image that side of the visual field
- 100method of locispecific things that need to be remembered are placed in different locations of a mental image
- 101pegword techniquenouns and images are associated
- 102perceptual learninglearning to recognize stimuli that were previously perceived, objects are categorized, all senses are capable of this
- 103stimulus response learninglearning to show certain behaviour when certain stimulus is presented (includes classical and instrumental conditioning
- 104motor learninglearning how to perform certain motor actions
- 105relational learninglearning of relationship between individual stimuli
- 106Hebb rulesynapses are both, structurally and chemically strengthened when they are simultaneously stimulated
- 107consolidationinformation reaches STM, retained through rehearsal, then travels through to LTM
- 108hippocampal formationstructure in temporal lobe, contains hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus and subiculum
- 109population EPSPstrenght of synaptic connections before LTP
- 110long term depression (LTD)frequency and duration of IPSPs are increased, weakening synapses
- 111familiaritysomething seems familia, but no details about specific experiences
- 112recollectionremembering something about a specific experience in response to a stimulus
- 113maintenance rehearsaltype of LTM soration, information is repeated until remembered by heart
- 114elaborative rehearsalcreating connections to remember
- 115deep processinglarge semantic involvement, only shallow characteristics involved
- 116encoding specificityprinciple that information is incoded with context, if context is presented retrieval can occur
- 117state-dependent learninglearning a ssociated with internal state (mood)
- 118transfer appropriate processingretrieval is better when same type of processing is present for encoding as for retrieval
- 119source monitoringdetermination of origin of the memory
- 120cryppromnesiaunknowingly plagiarizing
- 121schemessomeones set of knowledge about thing in the environment
- 122scrpitsconcepts of order and sequence of action that usually happens
- 123conceptual knowledgeknowledge enabling us to recognize objects and events
- 124cognitive economyconcept that cognitive system is organized in a way that as few resources as possible are used
- 125sensory-functional hypothesisability to distinguish between living thinds and artifacts depents on semantic memory system
- 126semantic category approachspecific neuronal networks exist for specific categories
- 127multiple factor approachspread representation, categories are divided
- 128embodied approachconcept knowledge is based on reactivity of sensory and motor processes
- 129hub and spoke modeldifferent functions are being integrated to theATL (anterior temporal lobe)
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- Psychology FlashCards sobre Part 2, criado por Thaizee EE em 29-01-2018.
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- Thaizee EE
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