Flashcards
PSYC3207 - Memory and Self
Flashcards do conjunto (22)
- 1OutlineI. Self concept
II. Recalling past states
III. Maintaining coherence and stress coping
IV. Recalling past emotions
V. Recalling past reasons - 2Self conceptThe sum of the conceptual understanding, knowledge and beliefs that we have about ourselves.
Can be psychological, emotional, personality and social attributes, as well as habits, beliefs, reasons and ideas. - 3Sense of personal identitiyA perspective on oneself through time.
- 4Ross (1989)People possess implicit theories regarding
- the inherent consistency of their attributes
- set of principles concerning conditions that promote personal change / stability
-» people use their implicit theories of self to construct their personal histories. - 5Recalling past beliefs1. Accessing current attributes (based on immediate contextualized reactions to events)
2. Involving an implicit theory of stability and change
Result: by combining the two, we are able to infer an earlier state or attribute - 6Implicit theory of stabilityIf we hold an attribute to be stable and know our current attitude towards that attribute, then we tend to extrapolate our current view backwards in time.
- 7Niemi et al (1980)- US citizens: political affiliations in 1972/76
- 22% changed the affiliation
- BUT 91% recalled incorrectly the earlier one - 8Implicit theory of changeConway & Ross (1984)
- students assigned to study skill / control group
- study skill questionnaire at beginning and end
- skill group misremembered the pre-course study skills: lower
- in fact: no difference - 9Recollection biasWhen
- things changes but we expect no change
- things remained constant but we expect change
-» misinterpret who we are
Why? coping and coherenece maintenance - 10Biased recall as a coping mechanismMcFarland & Alvaro (2000)
- recalling very / midly negative event occured 6-16 years of age
- rating current standing and standing before the event
- current standing: rated equal
before trauma: lower rating in very negative event group
-» biased recall = coping mechanism for negtaive life events - 11Brickman et al (1978)- accident victims and lottery winners
- accident victims: gave higher ratings to happiness prior accident
- lottery winners: gave lower ratings
- biased recall - 12Recalling past emotionsOften dramatical distortion in our recall of moods and emotions in relation to past events and how enjoyable / unpleasant they were
- 13Kahneman et al (1993)- asked participants what they would do
A) hand in very cold water for 60 sec
B) hand in very cold water for 60 sec and then mildly cold water for 30 sec
- people prefer B
- when decide wich one to repeat: again B - 14The happy end effectIt appears that ending procedures are important and affect evaluation of the entire experience.
- 15Redelmeier et al (2003)- colonoscopy
- extra period of minutes at the end of the procedure
- preferred the longer procedure and more likely to return for follow-up - 16Explanation by Arely & Carmon (2003)Two important features:
- peak level of pleasure / displeasure
- end level
These are subjectively combined to produce an overall weighting. - 17Peak-end RuleA psychological heuristic in which people judge an experience largely based on how they felt at its peak and at its end, rather than based on the total sum or average of every moment of the experience. The effect occurs regardless of whether the experience is pleasant or unpleasant. According to the heuristic, other information aside from that of the peak and end of the experience is not lost, but it is not used (net pleasantness / unpleasantness and how long the experience lasted)
- 18Biased recall of mood states1. Dewhurst & Malborough (2003)
2. Anderson & Brice (2011) - 19Dewhurst & Marlborough (2003)- anxiety before exam and then recall anxiety after exam when results received
- divided into 3 groups: achieved higher / lower / same than expected
- achieved better: recalled higher anxiety
- achieved lower: recaleld lower anxiety
- boosting importance of the exam by overestimating anxiety - 20Anderson & Brice (2011)- mood before exercise / no exercise
- pre-exercise mood recalled and after-mood rated
- lowered mood score than actual before exercise
- biased recall - 21Reasons for past decisionsPeople current view of how they should have reasoned tend to colour their recall of how they actually reasoned.
- 22Galotti (1995)- high-school students to descrive the criteria they use to decide which univertiy to go to
- also rate the importance
- 8-20 months later: recll th factors and importance
- recall: moderate
- BUT significant gerater tendency to recall factors that the students now thought to be important
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- PSYC3207 (Exam) FlashCards sobre PSYC3207 - Memory and Self, criado por Zsofi Dombi em 16-04-2018.
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- Zsofi Dombi
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