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Flashcards

ANS

Lareyna Mcmenemy MD2002 Inglês 72 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (72)

  1. 1How is the Nervous system divided?CNS (brain & spinal cord)
    ↑↓
    PNS (cranial & spinal nerves)
    ↓
    sensory somatic
    + sensory visceral
    + motor somatic
    + motor visceral
    ↓
    Parasympathetic + Sympathetic
  2. 2What is the primary driver in the ANS?Visceral motor nuclei in the hypothalamus
  3. 3Define a ganglionA group of nervous cell bodies out with the CNS
  4. 4Origin of: Pre-ganglionic fibres Post-ganglionic fibresPre-ganglionic fibres - CNS
    Post-ganglionic fibres - autonomic ganglia
  5. 5Fibre origins in the Sympathetic NSPre-ganglionic
    • Thoraco-lumbar
    Post-ganglionic
    • Para-vertebral chain, para-vertebral ganglia
  6. 6Fibre origins in the Parasympathetic NSPre-ganglionic
    • Cranio-sacral
    Post-ganglionic
    • In or near target organ
  7. 7What nerve gives the parasympathetic supply of viscera to trunk?X-vagus nerve
    10th cranial nerve
  8. 84 routes of the pre-ganglionic neuron when it leaves the CNS1. Enters sympathetic ganglion, ascends before synapsing where the post-ganglionic neuron passes into the head and neck
    2. Enters ganglion & synapses with it at the same level and passes back to spinal nerve to travel to periphery OR synapse with its own nerve & influences viscera at that level
    3. Enters sympathetic chain, doesn't synapse instead it descends to sacral region & travels to lower limb
    4. Passes straight through the sympathetic chain as a pre-ganglionic neuron & heads to pre-vertebral or pre-aortic ganglion in the abdomen & synapses here, to influence the gut
  9. 9Describe the autonomic motor reflexSensory afferent neuron travels from the stimulus, it synapses with an interneuron in the spinal cord
    Pre-ganglionic fibre synapses at the autonomic ganglion leaving as the post-ganglionic fibre which travels to the effector site
    • +/- response is decided upon
  10. 10How is visceral pain felt in somatic regions?Visceral pain neuron travels back to the CNS and joins the somatic pain neuron
  11. 11What are the targets of the parasympathetic NS?Viscera in the head, neck & trunk
    • no nerves heading to the body wall or limbs so no influence over these
  12. 12What type of effect does the: Parasympathetic NS Sympathetic NS have on the HEART?Parasympathetic NS: ↓HR
    Sympathetic NS: ↑HR & force of contraction
  13. 13What type of effect does the: Parasympathetic NS Sympathetic NS have on the DIGESTIVE TRACT?Parasympathetic NS: ↑motility & secretion
    Sympathetic NS: ↓motility & secretion
  14. 14What type of effect does the: Parasympathetic NS Sympathetic NS have on the LUNGS?Parasympathetic NS: bronchoconstriction
    Sympathetic NS: bronchodilation
  15. 15What type of effect does the: Parasympathetic NS Sympathetic NS have on the BLADDER?Parasympathetic NS: release of urine
    Sympathetic NS: urinary retention
  16. 16What type of effect does the: Parasympathetic NS Sympathetic NS have on the PUPIL?Parasympathetic NS: constriction
    Sympathetic NS: dilation
  17. 17What type of effect does the: Parasympathetic NS Sympathetic NS have on the MALE SEX ORGANS?Parasympathetic NS: erection
    Sympathetic NS: ejaculation
  18. 18What type of effect does the: Parasympathetic NS Sympathetic NS have on the BLOOD VESSELS?Parasympathetic NS: no effect
    Sympathetic NS: constriction
  19. 19What type of effect does the: Parasympathetic NS Sympathetic NS have on the SALIVARY GLANDS?Parasympathetic NS: ↑secretion
    Sympathetic NS: ↑secretion
  20. 20What type of effect does the: Parasympathetic NS Sympathetic NS have on the SWEAT GLANDS?Parasympathetic NS: no effect
    Sympathetic NS: ↑secretion
  21. 21What type of effect does the: Parasympathetic NS Sympathetic NS have on the LIVER?Parasympathetic NS: no effect
    Sympathetic NS: glucogenolysis or gluconeogenesis
  22. 22What type of effect does the: Parasympathetic NS Sympathetic NS have on the PILOMOTOR?Parasympathetic NS: no effect
    Sympathetic NS: piloerection
  23. 23What becomes blocked in glaucoma?Canal of schlemm
  24. 24Pupillary dilator musclesSympathetic innervation
  25. 25MydriaisPupillary dilation
  26. 26Pupillary constrictor musclesParasympathetic innervation
  27. 27MiosisPupillary constriction
  28. 28Does parasympathetic or sympathetic control predominate when: 1. Bladder is filling? 2. Bladder is full?1. Sympathetic
    2. Parasympathetic
  29. 29Describe the action of the detrusor muscle and internal sphincter muscle when: 1. Bladder is filling? 2. Bladder is full?1. Relaxation of detrusor muscle & contraction of internal sphincter muscle
    2. Contraction of detrusor muscle & internal sphincter muscle
  30. 30Effect of innervation by: 1. Parasympathetic 2. Sympathetic1. Rest & digest
    2. Fight or flight
  31. 31Exceptions to basic ANS physiologySweat glands: ACh onto nicotinic receptor, the release onto muscarinic receptor
    Adrenal medulla: ACh released onto nicotinic receptor, releasing adrenaline in the adrenal medulla
  32. 32What do chromatin cells do?Release adrenaline & noradrenaline into the systemic circulation
  33. 33Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic & sympathetic neurons release...ACh - nicotinic receptors
  34. 34Post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons release...ACh - muscarinic receptors
  35. 35Post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons release...Noradrenaline
    (except sweat glands - release ACh)
  36. 36Where are nicotinic ACh receptors located?Pre- & Post-ganglionic fibres
  37. 37Can we tell the difference between Nicotinic ACh receptors in muscle and those in the ganglia?Yes
    • composed of different subunits allowing for some specificity
  38. 38What is the muscarinic ACh receptors?Metabotropic
    G-protein linked receptor
  39. 39Effects of anti-cholinesterase drugsSLUDGE
    • Salvation
    • Lacrimation
    • Urination
    • Defecation
    • GI upset
    • Emesis
    ALSO - bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, hypotension & miosis
  40. 40Predominate location of Nicotinic ACh receptors:NMJ
    Sympathetic ganglia
    Parasympathetic
    CNS
  41. 41Predominate location of Muscarinic ACh receptors:Parasympathetic target organs
    Sweat glands (sympathetic)
    Vascular smooth muscle
    CNS
  42. 42Agonists of Muscarinc ACh receptors:ACh
    Muscarine
    Bethanechol
    Pilocarpine
  43. 43Agonists of Nicotinic ACh receptors:ACh
    Nicotine
  44. 44M1 1. Main locations 2. Cellular response 3. Functional response1. Neural
    • autonomic ganglia
    • glands: gastric, salivary, lacrimal etc
    2. ↑IP3, DAG
    3. Gastric secretion
  45. 45M2 1. Main locations 2. Cellular response 3. Functional response1. Cardiac
    • heart: atria
    2. ↓cAMP
    3. Cardiac inhibition
  46. 46M3 1. Main locations 2. Cellular response 3. Functional response1. Glandular/Smooth muscle
    • exocrine glands: gastric, salivary etc
    • smooth muscle: GI tract, eye, airways, bladder
    • blood vessels: endothelium
    2. ↑IP3, DAG
    3.
    • gastric/salivary secretion
    • GI smooth muscle contraction
    • ocular accommodation
    • vasodilation
  47. 47Side effects of Muscarinic ACh receptor agonists• pupillary constriction
    • ↓salvation
    • ↓HR
    • ↑gut tone
    • airway constriction
    • ↑urination
  48. 48Side effects of Muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists• pupillary dilation
    • ↓salvation
    • ↓HR
    • slow down gut secretion
    • airway dilation
    • stops urination
  49. 49Name the main catecholaminesDopamine
    Adrenaline
    Noradrenaline
  50. 50In the conversion of tyrosine to adrenaline what is the role of tyrosine hydroxylase?Rate-limiting step
    gives neural feedback regarding the synthesis pathway
    ( inhibited by catecholamines )
  51. 51Clinical use of methyldopaTreatment of hypertension during pregnancy
  52. 52Where is PNMT located?Adrenal medulla & is induced by adrenal cortex hormone
  53. 53Describe the pathway of adrenaline synthesis from tyrosineTyrosine
    ↓
    DOPA
    ↓
    Dopamine
    ↓
    Noradrenaline
    ↓
    Adrenaline
  54. 54Function of α2 adrenoreceptors on the pre-synaptic terminalProvide a feedback system which ↓NA release
  55. 55Effect of calcium on NA releaseNA release is facilitated by Ca so when ↓Ca influx = ↓NA release
  56. 56VMATVesicular MonoAmine Transporter
    • repackages NA in the neuron back into vesicles
  57. 57What effects NA uptake & degradation?• Indirectly acting sympathomimetic drugs
    • Monoamine oxidase (MOA) inhibitors
    • Uptake inhibitors
  58. 58How do MOA inhibitors work?Prevent dopamine degradation in the CNS
  59. 59Function of AmphetaminesAct as a substate for NET & VMAT ∴ it is taken up instead of NA.
  60. 60In what ways can drugs affect non-adrenergic neurons?Affect catecholamine synthesis
    Affect catecholamine release
    Inhibit catecholamine uptake
    Inhibit catecholamines metabolised degradation
  61. 61A drug which affects synthesis of catecholaminesMethyldopa
  62. 62Drugs which affects catecholamine releaseAn indirectly acting sympathomimetic drug
    • Amphetamines
    A drug which acts on α2 adrenoreceptor
    • clonidine
  63. 63NET inhibitorsCocaine
    Tricyclic antidepressants
  64. 64Name the types of adrenoreceptorsα1
    α2
    β1
    β2
    β3
  65. 65α1 1. ANS locations 2. Cellular respinse 3. Functional ANS response1. Cardiovascular
    GI tract
    Genitourinary
    2. ↑IP3. DAG
    3. Vasoconstriction
    Smooth muscle contraction (GI sphincter & genitourinary)
  66. 66α2 1. ANS locations 2. Cellular respinse 3. Functional ANS response1. Neuronal
    2. ↓ cAMP
    3. ↓transmitter release
  67. 67β1 1. ANS locations 2. Cellular respinse 3. Functional ANS response1. Heart
    Kidneys
    2. ↑cAMP
    3. ↑cardiac rate
    ↑cardiac force
    Renin release
  68. 68β2 1. ANS locations 2. Cellular respinse 3. Functional ANS response1. Lungs
    Smooth muscle
    Skeletal muscle
    2. ↑cAMP
    3. Bronchodilation
    Relaxation of visceral smooth muscle
    Vasodilation
    Tremor
  69. 69α1 1. AGONISTS 2. ANTAGONISTS1. NA, Adrenaline & Phenylephrine
    2. Phentolamine, Prazosin, Carvediol
  70. 70α2 1. AGONISTS 2. ANTAGONISTS1. NA, Adrenaline & Clonidine
    2. Phentolamine, Prazosin & Carvediol
  71. 71β1 1. AGONISTS 2. ANTAGONISTS1. NA, Adrenaline, Salbutamol, Salmeterol & Dobutamine
    2. Propranolol, Atenolol & Carvediol
  72. 72β2 1. AGONISTS 2. ANTAGONISTS1. NA, Adrenaline, Salbutamol, Salmeterol & Dobutamine
    2. Propranolol, Atenolol & Carvediol

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MD2002 FlashCards sobre ANS, criado por Lareyna Mcmenemy em 29-04-2018.
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