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Untitled_10
Flashcards do conjunto (46)
- 1Neural Basis Of MemoryMemories are stored throughout the brain and linked together through neural tracts or pathways
- 2Neural Basis Of Memory NeurotransmitterWhen acquiring a new memory there is an increase in the amount of the neurotransmitter produced and released by the neurons
- 3Neural Basis Of Memory Axons/DendritesThe number of these branches increase as they become bushier through the growth of smaller 'offshoots' (dendritic spines), thereby strengthening the connections between the neurons
- 4Neural Basis Memory SynapseNew synaptic connections form, this has the effect of further strengthening the connections between the neurons, making it easier for them to transmit to each other the next time
- 5Role Of The Hippocampus and Temporal Lobe.Involved in the formation of new long-term memory, but are not the storage sites for established long term memories
.Important role in formation or encoding of new declarative explicit memories
.LTM involves distinctive, or relatively 'independant', storage and retrieval processes - 6Role Of The Amygdala.Plays crucial roles in processing and regulating emotional reactions
.Involved in the encoding and storage of memories that have a significant emotional component
.Important for learning and memory of fear responses involving implicit memory - 7Why are we more likely to remember events that produce strong emotional reactions?The amygdala attaches emotional significance to this type of experience and stimulates the hippocampus to encode and store the relevant emotional details (explicit declarative memories)
- 8Flashbulb MemoryA vivid and highly detailed memory of circumstances in which someone first learns of a very surprising, significant or emotionally arousing event
- 9Consolidation TheoryProposes that structural, or 'physical', changes to the neurons in the brain occur when something new is being learned and immediately following learning. It also proposes that if memory formation is disrupted during the consolidation phase, info may not be imbedded in LTM and therefore lost.
- 10ReconsolidationAfter a memory is activated and retrieved from LTM, it needs to be consolidated again in order to be stored back in LTM
- 11Brain TraumaAn 'umbrella' term that is used to refer to any brain damage that impairs, or interferes with, the normal functioning of the brain, either temporarily or permanently
- 12Neurodegenerative DiseaseA disease characterised by a progressive decline in the structure, activity and function of brain tissue. (neurons gradually become damaged or deteriorate and lose there function)
- 13Alzheimer's DiseaseAn age-related neurodegenerative disease linked to damaged neurons, causing memory loss, a decline in cognitive and social skills, and personality changes.
- 14AmnesiaUsed to refer to loss of memory, either partial or complete, temporary or permanent
- 15Anterograde AmnesiaBrain damage causes loss of memory only for information or events experienced after the person sustains brain damage
- 16Retrograde AmnesiaBrain damage affects memory for information of events experienced before the person sustains the damage
- 17DementiaAn 'umbrella' term used to describe a variety of symptoms of a large group of illnesses or neurodegenerative diseases that causes a progressive decline in a person's mental functioning
SYMPTOMS
.memory loss
.decline in intellectual ability
.poor judgement
.poor social skills
.abnormal emotional reactions - 18Alzheimer's and Dementia Memory Loss Involves:Events - The person may forget part or all of an event
Words or Names - Progressively forgets words & names of people & things
Written & Verbal Directions - The person progressively loses the ability to follow directions
Stories On TV, In Movies Or Books - Progressively loses the ability to follow stories
Stored Knowledge - Over time, the person loses known information such as historical or political information
Everyday Skills - Progressively lose the capacity to perform tasks such as dressing and cooking - 19Alzheimer's PostmortemIndicate the presence of abnormally high levels of the protein amyloid - which poisons brain cells
Indicate greatly reduced levels of the neurotransmitter called acetylcholine - 20Memory Decline Over The LifespanThere may be some naturally occurring decline in some aspects of memory among older people; however, memory decline is not an inevitable consequence of ageing
- 21Effects Of Ageing On Short-Term (working) MemoryDepends on the nature of the task. If the task is simple STM is not affected by age. If the task is more complicated, requiring simultaneous storage and manipulation of information in working memory, or when attention must be divided between tasks, then age related factors may impact on STM functioning
- 22Effects Of Ageing On Long-Term Memory.Episodic memory can start to decline as early as age 30 or as late as age 50
.Procedural memories seemed to remain intact over time.
.Semantic memory appeared to be fairly resistant to ageing as well - 23Explanations For The Memory Changes That Occur As People AgeLack Of Motivation - no interest in memorising apparently meaningless material
Lose Confidence - if they feel they will not remember, may not even try
Inability To Access Information From LTM - may be more to do with the kind of measure of retention used, than with their age
The Slowing Of The Central Nervous System Functioning - - 24ForgettingRefers to the inibility to retrieve previously stored information.
- 25Forgetting CurveShows the pattern of forgetting that occurs over time. The graph shows that forgetting is rapid soon after the original learning, then the rate of memory loss gradually declines, followed by stability in the memories that remain. More than half the loss occurs within the first hour after learning, virtually all the material that will be forgotten is lost in the first 8 hours
- 26RecallRecall involves being asked to reproduce information with the fewest possible cues to assist retrieval, using a general cue to retrieve info associated with the cue, by searching your LTM to find something that matches the cue
- 27Free RecallInvolved when participants are simply asked to remember as much information as they can, in no particular order
- 28Cued RecallMakes use of more specific cues to aid retrieval
- 29RecognitionInvolves identifying the correct information from among alternatives, providing more cues that assist in the location and retrieval of info from LTM
- 30RelearningInvolves learning information again that has been previously learned and stored in long-term memory.
- 31Relative Sensitivity Of Measures Of RetentionRefers to its ability to assess the amount of information that has been stored in memory
- 32Theories Of Forgetting Retrieval Failure TheoryWe sometimes forget because we lack or fail to use the right cues to retrieve information stored in memory
- 33Theories Of Forgetting Tip-Of-The-Tongue PhenomenonA state or feeling that occurs when you are aware of knowing something, and confident you will eventually remember it, but you are not able to retrieve it from memory at that point in time. When the sought-after info is eventually recalled, it tends to occur suddenly, seeming to pop out of a memory, often when you are not consciously aware of it.
- 34Theories Of Forgetting Interference TheoryProposes that forgetting in LTM occurs because other memories interfere with the retrieval of what we are trying to recall, particularly if the other memories are similar.
- 35Retroactive InterferenceWhen new information interferes with the ability to remember old information
- 36Proactive InterferenceInformation learned previously can interfere with our ability to remember new information
- 37Theories Od FOrgetting Motivated ForgettingDescribes forgetting that arises from a strong motive or desire to forget, usually because the experience is too disturbing or upsetting to remember
- 38Types of Motivated Forgetting RepressionInvolves unconsciously blocking a memory of an event or experience from entering conscious awareness
- 39Types Of Motivated Forgetting SuppressionInvolves being motivated to forget an event or experience by making a deliberate conscious effort to keep it out of conscious awareness
- 40Theories Of Forgetting DecayIs based on an assumption that when something new is learned, a physical or chemical memory trace, containing stored info is formed in the brain as the info is consolidated in LTM. Forgetting occurs because a memory fades through disease as time passes.
- 41Context-Dependent CuesEnvironmental cues in the specific situation where a memory was formed, which act as retrieval cues to help access the memories formed in that context
- 42State-Dependent CuesAre associated with an individuals internal physiological and/or psychological state at the time the memory was formed, which act as retrieval cues to help access those memories
- 43Mnemonic DevicesTechnique for enhancing or improving memory so that more info is stored by organising new info into a cohesive whole, so that retrieval of part of the info generally assists retrieval of the rest
- 44Acronyms & RhymesPronounceable words formed from the first letters of a sequence of words. The letters of the abbreviation act as a retrieval aid in the recall of more complex material.
- 45AcrosticsInvolve making verbal associations for items to be remembered by constructing phrases or sentences using the first letters of the information to be remembered. Useful when you have to remember information in sequential order.
- 46Narrative ChainingInvolves linking otherwise unrelated items to one another to form a meaningful sequence or story. Adds organisation and meaningfulness to otherwise meaningless material is a form of elaborative rehearsal that will improve retrieval.
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- FlashCards sobre Untitled_10, criado por zoelward em 17-07-2013.
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