Flashcards
Phil 201
Flashcards do conjunto (38)
- 1Meta-PhysicsWhat kinds of things exist.
- 2EthicsWhat actions are wrong or right.
- 3EpistemologyWhat can be known or reasonably believed (rational thinking).
- 4LogicWhat forms of reasoning are good or bad.
- 5ArgumentAn argument is a set of propositions one of which is the conclusion of the argument.
- 6PremisesA premise is a statement in an argument that provides reason or support for the conclusion.
- 7Deductive ArgumentsA deductively valid argument it is not possible for the conclusion to be false.
If the premises are true. - 8ValidityValidity applies only to arguments
- 9Category MistakeAttributing a feature to something completely unrelated.
Ex: The sound was red. - 10SoundnessAn argument that is sound is one that is both valid and has all true premises.
- 11Example of a Valid Argument1.) All mothers are female
Suzy is a Mother
=
Suzy is Female
[Valid] - 12ConditionalsEx: If Suzy is a mother then Suzy is Female.
- 13Affirming the Antecedent Or Modus PonensIf P Then Q
P
=
Therefore Q - 14Denying the Consequent Or Modus TollensIf P then Q
Not Q
=
Therefore Not P - 15Affirming the ConsequentIf P then Q
Q
=
Therefore P - 16Denying the AntecedentIf P then Q
Not P
=
There not Q - 17Counter-ExamplesIf it has wheels and an engine it's a car.
Counter-Example: A MotorCycle, Bus, Semi-Truck... - 18Divine Command TheoryThings that are not good or bad independently of God.
God decides what things will be good or bad
"If God does not exist, then everything is permitted" Ivan Dostoyevski - 19The Euthyphro ProblemThen there is no explanation of why he disapproves of murder.
- 20PietyWhat is morally right
- 21Plato's ApologySocrates wisdom and vice of Meta-Ignorance.
"All I know is that I know nothing" (socrates) - 22IgnoranceThe absence of Knowledge
- 23Meta KnowledgeKnowing whether or not you know
- 24Meta-IgnoranceBeing ignorant of whether or not you know
- 25The Cosmological Argumentsan argument for the existence of God which claims that all things in nature depend on something else for their existence (i.e. are contingent), and that the whole cosmos must therefore itself depend on a being which exists independently or necessarily.
- 26ContingencyA being is contingent if and only if it is possible for it to exist and possible for it not to exist
Everyday object are contigent - 27NecessaryA being is necessary if and only if it is possible for it to not exist
- 28DependentIf its existence at any point depends upon the existence of another being
- 29IndependentNot Dependent
- 30PSRPossible Sufficient Reasoning.
states that everything must have a reason or a cause. - 31Abductive ArgumentsAn inference to the best explanation
(Simpsons Example)
Abductive Arguments are invalid. - 32Sufficient ConditionIf P is sufficient for Q then P being true is enough to make Q true.
Examples: Winning the science fair is sufficient to get accepted into University but it is not necessary. - 33Aporiaan irresolvable internal contradiction or logical disjunction in a text, argument, or theory.
- 34Elenchusa logical refutation.
the Socratic method of eliciting truth by question and answer, especially as used to refute an argument. - 35Local Design ArgumentTakes parts of the universe as evidence of design (usually organisms)
- 36Global Design ArgumentLooks at the Universe as a whole
- 37Fine Tuningmany claimed the term ‘the universe’ could not designate any genuine object, because reason dictated that such an object would have to be both finite and infinite. After the development of Big Bang cosmology, however, the universe was seen to be highly structured, with precisely defined parameters
- 38True or false: affirming the consequent can be a valid form of reasoning.False
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- FlashCards sobre Phil 201, criado por Brandon Chavez em 25-02-2019.
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- Brandon Chavez
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