Flashcards
Visual Pathway
Flashcards do conjunto (263)
- 1Visual pathway goes from _ to _retinal to the visual lobe
- 2Visual pathway has what kind of organization?Reinotopic mapping
- 3Retinotopic mapping is/isn't maintained all the way to the cerebral cortex?is
- 4Retina has _ number of neuronal cell types5
- 5The major neuronal cells are:1. rod receptors
2. cone receptors
3. bipolar cells
4. horizontal cells
5. amacrine cells - 6Rods and cones pass information to where?bipolar cells and horizontal cells
- 7Bipolar cells send information where?to the next layer
- 8Horizontal cells send information where?to interconnect receptors, bipolar cells, and horizontal cells
- 9Bipolar/horizontal cells send information where?ganglian and amacrine cells
- 10Axons of the ganglion cells level the eye called what?optic nerve
- 11Rod is necessary for what function?Necessary for sight in darkness
- 12Cone is necessary for what?Needed for bright light
- 13What is there area where the optic nerve doesn't exist and there are no receptors?optic disk / blind spot
- 14Optic disk is where ___ leaves the eye to for the ___axons, optic nerve
- 15The fovea is what color?Yellowish circle
- 16A yellowish circular area near the optic disk is called what? What is in the center of this?Macula; fovea
- 17In the fovea, what is the name of the specialized interneurons called?Midget bipolar cells
- 18What do midget bipolar cells do?Receive input from foveal cones
- 19Input to the foveal cones in turn contacts what?Individual midget ganglion cells
- 20What are midget bipolar cells highly specialized for?High acuity color vision in bright light
- 21Where does the rod density reach it's maximum?Outside the macula
- 22What is the rod specialized for?Vision in lower light
- 23Midget bipolar cells are specialized interneuron cells for increasing what?acuity of light
- 24What level of light do rods respond up to?Moonlight level of intensity
- 25Do rods respond: slow/fast?Slowly
- 26Rods require multiple responses to be pooled together to produce meaningful changes in the firing rate of ganglion cells in response to dim light: T/F?True
- 27Output from thousands of rods converge on hundreds of ___ cells before reaching single ganglion cell.Bipolar
- 28Spacial respultion for rods in dim light is great/poor?Poor
- 29Rods do/don't discriminate color?Don't; they all contain the same visual pigment.
- 30Spacial resolution for rods is slow because it's a ____ response.Summation
- 31Cones have more/less visual pigment then rods?less
- 32Cones have small brief single photon responses than rods: T/F?True
- 33cones are more/less sensitive than rods?Less
- 34Cones are faster/slower than rods?Faster
- 35More/less convergence in cones than rods?Less
- 36Cones are less sensitive but have high spatial resolution than rods: T/F?True
- 37Do cones use convergence?no
- 38How many types of cones are there for color?3
- 39Cones: ____ wavelength produces redLong
- 40Cones: ____ wavelength produces greenmiddle
- 41Cones: ____ wavelength produces blueshort
- 42Why can we see varied color from cones?The three wavelengths mix together
- 43Rod has a slow/fast response?slow, but strong
- 44Cone has a slow/fast response?Fast, brief
- 45What is a receptive field of visual neurons?Particular part of the world whose image falls on the region of the retina
- 46Is intensity of illumination important in determining the activity level of most cells?No.
- 47What is important for visual receptive field?Contrast between different areas
- 48What is the visual system attuned to detect?Boarders between light and dark areas; areas of differing color
- 49Why is the ability to distinguish objects important?we see contrast in appearance despite varied illumination (i.e.: darkness)
- 50Does each receptor in the visual system have it's own receptor field?Yes
- 51Does the visual system have a specific area it sees per receptor?Yes, it only sense an amount of an area
- 52Visual pathway: projections from the retina go ___variety of areas of the brain.
- 53Visual pathway: fibers from the nasal half of each retina cross where?the optic chasm
- 54visual pathway: most fibers of the optic tract terminate ___.Lateral geniculate nucelus
- 55Visual pathway: the lateral geniculate nucleus projects to ___, around the ___ sulcus, BA___, also called:visual cortex, calcarine, 17, striate cortex
- 56what contributes to visually guided eye movements?superior colliculous
- 57Are objects seen by both eyes and where do they go?yes; different regions of each eye see them
- 58Does vision from the temporal regions of the eyes decussate?No.
- 59Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus located?Thalamus
- 60What stops in the lateral geniculate nucleus?Optic nerve
- 61Fibers in the optic nerve are randomly/sequentially arranged after optic chasm but are organized/random at the lateral geniculate nucleus?randomly; sorted/organized
- 62At what age do lateral geniculate nucleus neurons reach adult size?2 years
- 63Retinotopic mapping at LGN: do axons from retina preserve order?yes
- 64Retinotopic mapping at LGN: there is an entire map of each hemi-field in each layer of the LGN: t/f?true
- 65How many layers in the LGN map?6
- 66__ % of input from the LGN comes from the retina.10
- 67Where does 90% of the information to the LGN come from?Cortex of the brain
- 68Is cortical feedback in the retina understood?Nope.
- 69Anatomical structure of the LGN how many layers?6
- 70Anatomical structure of the LGN layers 1-2 are called?magnocellular
- 71Anatomical structure of the LGN layers 306 are called?parvocellular
- 72Anatomical structure of the LGN are layers 1-2 similar to 3-6?no, characteristics are substantially different
- 73Anatomical structure of the LGN Is there a complete separation in layers?no
- 74Anatomical structure of the LGN what do the 6 layers do?handle different aspects of vision
- 75Anatomical structure of the LGN different types of vision lead to what?different types of visual processing
- 76Magnocellular detect color contrast?no
- 77Magnocellular detect luminance contrast?higher
- 78Magnocellular spatial frequency?lower
- 79Magnocellular temporal frequency?higher - goes to the letter
- 80Parvocellular color contrast?yes
- 81Parvocellular luminance contrast?lower
- 82Parvocellular spatial frequency?higher
- 83Parvocellular temporal frequencylower
- 84Magnocellular is a ___ cell? (big / small)Big
- 85Parvocellular is a ___ cell? (big / small)small
- 86when arranged, the 6 layers of the LGN start at the bottom numbered...1... to 6
- 87Where do the magnocells terminate?4b
- 88where do the parvocells terminate?2 and/or 3
- 89Magnocellular: motion?high
- 90parvocellular: location, motion, color, orientation. Which are high?location, color, orientation.
- 91Which develops earlier, parvocellular or magnocellular?Parvocellular
- 92parvocellular has ___ discrimination develop in very young infants (color, orientation, motion)orientation
- 93Parvocellular has the development of ___ at 4 weeks in infantscolor discrimination
- 94Magnocellular functions develop before/after parvocellular?After
- 95Magnocellular has ___ selective responding to ___ in 6-8 week oldsdirection; motion
- 96magnocellular has ___ processing in 3 to 4 month oldsdepth
- 97Each half of the visual field goes to the contra/ipsilateral area in V1contralateral
- 98what fissure divides the lower from upper half of the V1calcarine fissure
- 99V1 retiontopic mapping is: up down or down up, inverted, reverted?up-down reverted
- 100Is retiontopic mapping preserved?yes
- 101L visual field goes... R visual field goes... where?to RH
to LH - 102What is the structure of V1?Collumnar
- 103do neurons located above and below one another in the columnar structure have similar properties?Yes
- 104What are the 3 dimensions for columnar structure?1. orientation
2. color
3. occular dominance (2 eyes) - 105Adjacent columns do/don't respond to similar stimuliDo
- 106Occular dominance: receives input from the contra/ipsilateral eye?BOTH
- 107Occular dominance helps with ___ perceptionDepth
- 108Orientation columns help with discrimination of what?spatial orientation
- 109color columns use what?blobs
- 110Color columns are which numbers?II and III
- 111Where multiple orientation columns converge, this is known as what?pinwheels
- 112what is the point called that orientation columns are organized rapidly around?singularity
- 113what is the direction observed around the singularity?clock wise or counter
- 114Singularity is/isn't sensitive to multiple orientations?is
- 115Blobs: they are what color regions?Dark
- 116Blobs are found where?in orientation columns
- 117blobs are / aren't color sensitive?are
- 118Blobs are found in what layers?II, III of V1
- 119blobs provide what?orthogonal capability
- 120V1 to __ to __ to __V2, V3, VP
- 121V1 is inverted to v2, to v3 - ?yes.
would change like this:
xoc
cox
xoc - 122VP has two visual pathways called?what and where
- 123posterior to anterior or anterior to posterior transmission of visual information?posterior to anterior
- 124Visual processing is high/low to low/high?low to high
- 125Posterior for visual processing is?visual lower order
- 126anterior visual processing is?object recognition,high order. (gives it meaning).
- 127Visual processing "what"is ventral.
V1 - temproal lobe - 128Visual processing "where"dorsal, V1 to parietal
- 129"where" is specialized for what two things?motion
moving - 130"where" tracks...moving objects, relative motion, size information, optical flow
- 131"what" specialized for?the object
- 132what has what kind of representation as proceeded more anteriorhierarchal, feature to object.
- 133Where pathway is... dorsal/ventral - sensory/motordorsal, sensory
- 134what pathway is... dorsal/ventral - sensory/motorventral, motor
- 135where goes: V1 - _, _.V5, posterior parietal cortex
- 136what goes V1 - _, __V4, inferior temporal cortex
- 137what pathway, visual word form area is what part of brain?left fusiform gyrus
- 138what pathway, fusiform face area is located where?right fusiform gyrus
- 139Define visual agnosia?inability to recognize objects via visual input
- 140Apperceptive visual agnosia means?display ability to see contours and outlines, but when asked to categorize have difficulty.
- 141Apperceptive visual agnosia is associated with damage where?one hemisphere, usually posterior sections of the right hemisphere
- 142associative visual agnosia, define?difficulty naming objects
- 143associative visual agnosia is caused by damage where?both the right and left hemisphere at the occiptotemproal border
- 144shown two different images of a stapler, can't say they are the same. Example of appreceptive or associative visual agnosia?apperceptive
- 145shown a folded up umbrella and a cane. Can't tell the difference when the umbrella is opened. Apperceptive or associative visual agnosia?associative
- 146Tip links hit what?hair cells next to each other
- 147What does the cochlea do? (transfers what?)Sound vibrations to neural impulses
- 148When the hair bundle stretches the tip link, it results in an increased what?Cilia permeability
- 149Cilia permeability results in ___ ionspotassium
- 150Inward movement of the ions polarizes/depolarizes the hair cells?Depolarizes (makes less charged)
- 151What is the neurotransmitter that is released by the depolarization of hair cells?glutamate
- 152Glutamate in turn depolarizes the cochlear nerve terminals causing what to happen?Action potentials discharge.
- 153Action potentials from the cochlear nerve terminals transmits to where?Brainstem through CN VIII
- 154Central Auditory pathway What are the four stops?Medial geniculate body, inferior colliculus, lateral leminiscus, superior olive
- 155Is tonotopic organization maintained in the central auditory pathway?Yes; ascending fibers of the central aud pathway to the nuclei to the auditory cortex
- 156Auditon takes place in spine and cranial nerve: T/F?False; only in the cranial nerve
- 157How many rules exist in the transmission in the central auditory cortex?Two
- 158There is retention of tonotopic organization from the cochlear hair cell to the primary auditory cortex? T/FTrue; this is rule one
- 159Rule 2: projections in one ear travel to the auditory cortex of that ear (ipsilateral): T/F?False; travel to the opposite side (contralateral).
- 160Which is more complex, auditory pathway or somatosensory pathway?Aud by a little
- 161How many fibers ~ in auditory nerve?30,000
- 162Do auditory nerves stay as one or branch?Branch, many times
- 163Where are many of the auditory nerves located?Central pathway
- 164auditory pathway has parallel pathways that make hundreds of synaptic contacts: T/F?False, they make THOUSANDS
- 165Cochlear nuclear projections are to the ipsilateral/contralateral inferior colliculus?CONTRALATERAL
- 166Where do other fibers in the Cochlear pathways terminate?Superior olivary complex and inferior colliculus
- 167Where are the ascending fibers from in the cochlear nuclei projections? (IC, SOC, LL, MGB?Lateral Leminiscus
- 168Do any fibers in the cochlea travel ipsilaterally? If so, from where?Yes; ascend to inferior colliculus
- 169Where is the first stop of audition from both ears received?Superior olivary complex
- 170What is the role of the superior olivary complex on audition? (2)compare time of arrival and intensity information from both ears
- 171Superior olivary complex is for directional hearing capability: T/F?True.
- 172Inferior colliculus projects to where?Thalamus
- 173Is it possible for the inferior colliculus to project contra laterally?Yes; bilateral comparisons are possible
- 174Which has higher levels of auditory processing: superior olivary complex OR inferior colliculus?IC
- 175IC integrates with SOC, then what parts of the body?Head and neck
- 176IC has bottom up/ top down modulations?Top down; you hear the sound to you move towards it/away from it
- 177Medial geniculate body, receives all ascending/descending auditory information as the thalamic relay?ascending
- 178Medial geniculate body decussates: T/F?FALSE, no cross over
- 179MGB, does not ascend to the internal capsule; where does it pass: ventral/dorsal, rostral/caudal to reach A1?ventral, caudal
- 180In auditon, the higher the fiber travels the more/less complex?More
- 181Where is the primary auditory complex housed? (__ __ gyrus)transverse Heschl's
- 182Auditon is BA __41
- 183Primary auditory complex has tonotopic arrangement: T/F?True
- 184What does audition process? (3 things)frequency, loudness, temporal information
- 185Belt region is BA __42
- 186Auditory projects mainly to belt/parabelt?Belt
- 187Belt has primary projections to where?Parabelt region
- 188Parabelt is for auditory and ___ association cortexmultimodal
- 189Parabelt is BA __22
- 190Parabelts receives information from core: T/F?False; it does not
- 191Where does the parabelt, belt and A1 receive input from?Thalamus (MGB)
- 19241 travels direct to 42?Yes
- 19341 travels direct to BA 22?False, no direct onnection from 41, comes from 42 (belt)
- 194The primary auditory cortex is larger in the right/left for most people?Left
- 195auditory should encompass which two regions?Belt, parabelt
- 196Parabelt and belt are separate and have individual tonotopic organization: T/F?Trye
- 197Auditory processing is more complex in which: belt, parabelt, association cortex?association cortex
- 198Audition: where pathway is ventral/dorsal?ventral
- 199Audition: what pathway is ventral/dorsal?Dorsal
- 200Which is activated 30 ms earlier: what/where?where
- 201why is the where activated sooner?enable top-down information on object perception to be activated
- 202Where pathway is where to where?parietal to lateral pre-frontal
- 203what pathway is from where to where?anterior temporal to inferior frontal
- 204can efferent activity influence ascending information?Yes
- 205Roles of the descending pathway: modify or be a cochlear amplifier?yes
- 206role or descending pathway increase masking? T/fFalse, reduction in masking
- 207role or descending pathway uses selection attention: T/f?True
- 208role or descending pathway can't protect from intense sound: T/FFalse; does protect
- 209role or descending pathway adjust input from both ears to maintain equal input: T/F?true
- 210Vascular supply is from basilar artery, particularly ___ ___ artery?internal auditory
- 211internal auditory artery is which brach is from which branch of the brainstem?pontine level artery
- 212any vascular interruption likely to result in monaural hearing loss in CN __.VII - facial nerve
- 213Monaural hearing loss from CN VII can also affect which nerve?CN VI - abducens and ocular movements
- 214Hearing impairment leading to aphasia occurs in BA __ also known as __ area22, Wernicke's
- 215Pure word deafness is associated with unilateral/bilateral primary auditory temporal lesion?Bilateral
- 216dopamine input reduces effectiveness of which pathway?Indirect
- 217dopamine may modulate the reward behaviors thru influence on what?BG
- 218Hypo: increased/decreased movements?Decreased
- 219What disease has hypokinetic movements?parkinsons disease
- 220PD is caused by loss/increase of dopaminergic neurons in the __?Loss; SNpc
- 221What is the second most common adult neurological disorder?Parkinson
- 222Loss of dopamine reduces the effectiveness of which pathway?direct
- 223When dopamine is reduced, this causes a disinhibtion/inhibition to occur?disinhibition
- 224In PD can BG release movements effectively?No
- 225PD movements are driven by the UMN/LMN and are reduced?UMN
- 226PD movements are easy to initiate and terminate: T/F?False; they are difficult to initiate and terminitate
- 227PD has fast movements, and lots of facial expressions and arm movement: T/F?False; slow rigid movements, no facial expression, lack of arm swinging
- 228Hyper kinetic means?Increased movement
- 229What disease has hyperkinetic movements?Huntington's
- 230What degenerates in Huntinton's diease? (part of BG)striatum
- 231What part of BG over-inhibits the sub thalamic nucleus in Huntington's disease?GPe
- 232Subthalamic nucleus fails to disinhibit/inhibit the GPi?inhibit
- 233Huntington's disease has excessive unwanted movements: T/F?True
- 234what disease has jerky movements with no purpose?Huntingtons
- 235What is the target area of the BG for intervention on huntinton's disease?GPi
- 236Excitatory/inhibitory stimulation would increase the GPi leading to greater inhibition of the thalamus? -benefits which disease?excitatory, huntinton's
- 237Excitatory/inhibitory stimulation would provide less GPi? Benefiting what disease?Inhibitory, Parkinson
- 238Does the BG modulate non-motor aspects of behavior?Yes
- 239Similar parallel loops have been identified that target prefrontal and cingulate regions. These help with __ and __ regions?cognitive and emotional
- 240Prefrontal loop may regulate the initiation and termination of __ processes?Cognitive
- 241Limbic loop may initiate or terminate __ behaviors?Emotional
- 242PD and huntintons disease may have abnormalities in the cognitive/emotional loops of non-motor loops: T/F?True
- 243Tourettes may arise from BG dysfunction: T/F?True
- 244Ganglia is a collection of?nuclei
- 245Input structures of the BG are?Striatum
- 246Largest output structure of the BG?GPi
- 247What is the sub-cortical target of the output structure of the BG?Thalamus
- 248What are the pathways involved in movement selection?Direct pathway
- 249What is the function of the direct pathway?to initiate voluntary movement
- 250What is the function of the indirect pathway?To suppress unwanted movement
- 251PD results from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the __?SNpc
- 252HD results from degeneration of neurons in the?Striatum
- 253Connections with other parts of the CNS, the cerebellum plays its primary function of ensuring ___ of muscles and muscle groups?Coordination
- 254Word used to describe cooperative action of muscles?Synergy
- 255if you don't have cooperation from the cerebellum, what will movements look like?clumsy, uncoordinated, disorganized
- 256What is the role of the cerebellum for speech?ongoing connected speech
- 257what does the cerebellum serve to reinforce or diminish?sensory or motor impulses
is a modulator - 258what words as a motor error detector? (thalamus, cerebellum, BG?)Cerebellum
- 259Cerebellar dysfunction clinical signs usually appear on the same/opposite side of the body as the cerebellar lesion?same
- 260Cerebellar dysfunction cerebellum and its pathways manifest on ipsilateral/contralateral effects?ipsilateral
- 261ataxia: general incoordination/coordination of motor acts with cerebellar system lesions?incoordination. Staggering or abnormal posture/gate present
- 262Cerebellar dysfunction has decomposition of movements: robotic. T/F?True
- 263Cerebellar dysfunction Dysmetria is an inability to gauge what?distance, speed, power of movement
Informações
- Descrição
- Neuro Final FlashCards sobre Visual Pathway, criado por mathieteal em 05-12-2014.
- Criado por
- mathieteal
- Visualizações
- 12
- Avaliação