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Flashcards

Visual Pathway

mathieteal Neuro Final English 263 cards

Cards in this deck (263)

  1. 1Visual pathway goes from _ to _retinal to the visual lobe
  2. 2Visual pathway has what kind of organization?Reinotopic mapping
  3. 3Retinotopic mapping is/isn't maintained all the way to the cerebral cortex?is
  4. 4Retina has _ number of neuronal cell types5
  5. 5The major neuronal cells are:1. rod receptors
    2. cone receptors
    3. bipolar cells
    4. horizontal cells
    5. amacrine cells
  6. 6Rods and cones pass information to where?bipolar cells and horizontal cells
  7. 7Bipolar cells send information where?to the next layer
  8. 8Horizontal cells send information where?to interconnect receptors, bipolar cells, and horizontal cells
  9. 9Bipolar/horizontal cells send information where?ganglian and amacrine cells
  10. 10Axons of the ganglion cells level the eye called what?optic nerve
  11. 11Rod is necessary for what function?Necessary for sight in darkness
  12. 12Cone is necessary for what?Needed for bright light
  13. 13What is there area where the optic nerve doesn't exist and there are no receptors?optic disk / blind spot
  14. 14Optic disk is where ___ leaves the eye to for the ___axons, optic nerve
  15. 15The fovea is what color?Yellowish circle
  16. 16A yellowish circular area near the optic disk is called what? What is in the center of this?Macula; fovea
  17. 17In the fovea, what is the name of the specialized interneurons called?Midget bipolar cells
  18. 18What do midget bipolar cells do?Receive input from foveal cones
  19. 19Input to the foveal cones in turn contacts what?Individual midget ganglion cells
  20. 20What are midget bipolar cells highly specialized for?High acuity color vision in bright light
  21. 21Where does the rod density reach it's maximum?Outside the macula
  22. 22What is the rod specialized for?Vision in lower light
  23. 23Midget bipolar cells are specialized interneuron cells for increasing what?acuity of light
  24. 24What level of light do rods respond up to?Moonlight level of intensity
  25. 25Do rods respond: slow/fast?Slowly
  26. 26Rods require multiple responses to be pooled together to produce meaningful changes in the firing rate of ganglion cells in response to dim light: T/F?True
  27. 27Output from thousands of rods converge on hundreds of ___ cells before reaching single ganglion cell.Bipolar
  28. 28Spacial respultion for rods in dim light is great/poor?Poor
  29. 29Rods do/don't discriminate color?Don't; they all contain the same visual pigment.
  30. 30Spacial resolution for rods is slow because it's a ____ response.Summation
  31. 31Cones have more/less visual pigment then rods?less
  32. 32Cones have small brief single photon responses than rods: T/F?True
  33. 33cones are more/less sensitive than rods?Less
  34. 34Cones are faster/slower than rods?Faster
  35. 35More/less convergence in cones than rods?Less
  36. 36Cones are less sensitive but have high spatial resolution than rods: T/F?True
  37. 37Do cones use convergence?no
  38. 38How many types of cones are there for color?3
  39. 39Cones: ____ wavelength produces redLong
  40. 40Cones: ____ wavelength produces greenmiddle
  41. 41Cones: ____ wavelength produces blueshort
  42. 42Why can we see varied color from cones?The three wavelengths mix together
  43. 43Rod has a slow/fast response?slow, but strong
  44. 44Cone has a slow/fast response?Fast, brief
  45. 45What is a receptive field of visual neurons?Particular part of the world whose image falls on the region of the retina
  46. 46Is intensity of illumination important in determining the activity level of most cells?No.
  47. 47What is important for visual receptive field?Contrast between different areas
  48. 48What is the visual system attuned to detect?Boarders between light and dark areas; areas of differing color
  49. 49Why is the ability to distinguish objects important?we see contrast in appearance despite varied illumination (i.e.: darkness)
  50. 50Does each receptor in the visual system have it's own receptor field?Yes
  51. 51Does the visual system have a specific area it sees per receptor?Yes, it only sense an amount of an area
  52. 52Visual pathway: projections from the retina go ___variety of areas of the brain.
  53. 53Visual pathway: fibers from the nasal half of each retina cross where?the optic chasm
  54. 54visual pathway: most fibers of the optic tract terminate ___.Lateral geniculate nucelus
  55. 55Visual pathway: the lateral geniculate nucleus projects to ___, around the ___ sulcus, BA___, also called:visual cortex, calcarine, 17, striate cortex
  56. 56what contributes to visually guided eye movements?superior colliculous
  57. 57Are objects seen by both eyes and where do they go?yes; different regions of each eye see them
  58. 58Does vision from the temporal regions of the eyes decussate?No.
  59. 59Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus located?Thalamus
  60. 60What stops in the lateral geniculate nucleus?Optic nerve
  61. 61Fibers in the optic nerve are randomly/sequentially arranged after optic chasm but are organized/random at the lateral geniculate nucleus?randomly; sorted/organized
  62. 62At what age do lateral geniculate nucleus neurons reach adult size?2 years
  63. 63Retinotopic mapping at LGN: do axons from retina preserve order?yes
  64. 64Retinotopic mapping at LGN: there is an entire map of each hemi-field in each layer of the LGN: t/f?true
  65. 65How many layers in the LGN map?6
  66. 66__ % of input from the LGN comes from the retina.10
  67. 67Where does 90% of the information to the LGN come from?Cortex of the brain
  68. 68Is cortical feedback in the retina understood?Nope.
  69. 69Anatomical structure of the LGN how many layers?6
  70. 70Anatomical structure of the LGN layers 1-2 are called?magnocellular
  71. 71Anatomical structure of the LGN layers 306 are called?parvocellular
  72. 72Anatomical structure of the LGN are layers 1-2 similar to 3-6?no, characteristics are substantially different
  73. 73Anatomical structure of the LGN Is there a complete separation in layers?no
  74. 74Anatomical structure of the LGN what do the 6 layers do?handle different aspects of vision
  75. 75Anatomical structure of the LGN different types of vision lead to what?different types of visual processing
  76. 76Magnocellular detect color contrast?no
  77. 77Magnocellular detect luminance contrast?higher
  78. 78Magnocellular spatial frequency?lower
  79. 79Magnocellular temporal frequency?higher - goes to the letter
  80. 80Parvocellular color contrast?yes
  81. 81Parvocellular luminance contrast?lower
  82. 82Parvocellular spatial frequency?higher
  83. 83Parvocellular temporal frequencylower
  84. 84Magnocellular is a ___ cell? (big / small)Big
  85. 85Parvocellular is a ___ cell? (big / small)small
  86. 86when arranged, the 6 layers of the LGN start at the bottom numbered...1... to 6
  87. 87Where do the magnocells terminate?4b
  88. 88where do the parvocells terminate?2 and/or 3
  89. 89Magnocellular: motion?high
  90. 90parvocellular: location, motion, color, orientation. Which are high?location, color, orientation.
  91. 91Which develops earlier, parvocellular or magnocellular?Parvocellular
  92. 92parvocellular has ___ discrimination develop in very young infants (color, orientation, motion)orientation
  93. 93Parvocellular has the development of ___ at 4 weeks in infantscolor discrimination
  94. 94Magnocellular functions develop before/after parvocellular?After
  95. 95Magnocellular has ___ selective responding to ___ in 6-8 week oldsdirection; motion
  96. 96magnocellular has ___ processing in 3 to 4 month oldsdepth
  97. 97Each half of the visual field goes to the contra/ipsilateral area in V1contralateral
  98. 98what fissure divides the lower from upper half of the V1calcarine fissure
  99. 99V1 retiontopic mapping is: up down or down up, inverted, reverted?up-down reverted
  100. 100Is retiontopic mapping preserved?yes
  101. 101L visual field goes... R visual field goes... where?to RH
    to LH
  102. 102What is the structure of V1?Collumnar
  103. 103do neurons located above and below one another in the columnar structure have similar properties?Yes
  104. 104What are the 3 dimensions for columnar structure?1. orientation
    2. color
    3. occular dominance (2 eyes)
  105. 105Adjacent columns do/don't respond to similar stimuliDo
  106. 106Occular dominance: receives input from the contra/ipsilateral eye?BOTH
  107. 107Occular dominance helps with ___ perceptionDepth
  108. 108Orientation columns help with discrimination of what?spatial orientation
  109. 109color columns use what?blobs
  110. 110Color columns are which numbers?II and III
  111. 111Where multiple orientation columns converge, this is known as what?pinwheels
  112. 112what is the point called that orientation columns are organized rapidly around?singularity
  113. 113what is the direction observed around the singularity?clock wise or counter
  114. 114Singularity is/isn't sensitive to multiple orientations?is
  115. 115Blobs: they are what color regions?Dark
  116. 116Blobs are found where?in orientation columns
  117. 117blobs are / aren't color sensitive?are
  118. 118Blobs are found in what layers?II, III of V1
  119. 119blobs provide what?orthogonal capability
  120. 120V1 to __ to __ to __V2, V3, VP
  121. 121V1 is inverted to v2, to v3 - ?yes.
    would change like this:
    xoc
    cox
    xoc
  122. 122VP has two visual pathways called?what and where
  123. 123posterior to anterior or anterior to posterior transmission of visual information?posterior to anterior
  124. 124Visual processing is high/low to low/high?low to high
  125. 125Posterior for visual processing is?visual lower order
  126. 126anterior visual processing is?object recognition,high order. (gives it meaning).
  127. 127Visual processing "what"is ventral.
    V1 - temproal lobe
  128. 128Visual processing "where"dorsal, V1 to parietal
  129. 129"where" is specialized for what two things?motion
    moving
  130. 130"where" tracks...moving objects, relative motion, size information, optical flow
  131. 131"what" specialized for?the object
  132. 132what has what kind of representation as proceeded more anteriorhierarchal, feature to object.
  133. 133Where pathway is... dorsal/ventral - sensory/motordorsal, sensory
  134. 134what pathway is... dorsal/ventral - sensory/motorventral, motor
  135. 135where goes: V1 - _, _.V5, posterior parietal cortex
  136. 136what goes V1 - _, __V4, inferior temporal cortex
  137. 137what pathway, visual word form area is what part of brain?left fusiform gyrus
  138. 138what pathway, fusiform face area is located where?right fusiform gyrus
  139. 139Define visual agnosia?inability to recognize objects via visual input
  140. 140Apperceptive visual agnosia means?display ability to see contours and outlines, but when asked to categorize have difficulty.
  141. 141Apperceptive visual agnosia is associated with damage where?one hemisphere, usually posterior sections of the right hemisphere
  142. 142associative visual agnosia, define?difficulty naming objects
  143. 143associative visual agnosia is caused by damage where?both the right and left hemisphere at the occiptotemproal border
  144. 144shown two different images of a stapler, can't say they are the same. Example of appreceptive or associative visual agnosia?apperceptive
  145. 145shown a folded up umbrella and a cane. Can't tell the difference when the umbrella is opened. Apperceptive or associative visual agnosia?associative
  146. 146Tip links hit what?hair cells next to each other
  147. 147What does the cochlea do? (transfers what?)Sound vibrations to neural impulses
  148. 148When the hair bundle stretches the tip link, it results in an increased what?Cilia permeability
  149. 149Cilia permeability results in ___ ionspotassium
  150. 150Inward movement of the ions polarizes/depolarizes the hair cells?Depolarizes (makes less charged)
  151. 151What is the neurotransmitter that is released by the depolarization of hair cells?glutamate
  152. 152Glutamate in turn depolarizes the cochlear nerve terminals causing what to happen?Action potentials discharge.
  153. 153Action potentials from the cochlear nerve terminals transmits to where?Brainstem through CN VIII
  154. 154Central Auditory pathway What are the four stops?Medial geniculate body, inferior colliculus, lateral leminiscus, superior olive
  155. 155Is tonotopic organization maintained in the central auditory pathway?Yes; ascending fibers of the central aud pathway to the nuclei to the auditory cortex
  156. 156Auditon takes place in spine and cranial nerve: T/F?False; only in the cranial nerve
  157. 157How many rules exist in the transmission in the central auditory cortex?Two
  158. 158There is retention of tonotopic organization from the cochlear hair cell to the primary auditory cortex? T/FTrue; this is rule one
  159. 159Rule 2: projections in one ear travel to the auditory cortex of that ear (ipsilateral): T/F?False; travel to the opposite side (contralateral).
  160. 160Which is more complex, auditory pathway or somatosensory pathway?Aud by a little
  161. 161How many fibers ~ in auditory nerve?30,000
  162. 162Do auditory nerves stay as one or branch?Branch, many times
  163. 163Where are many of the auditory nerves located?Central pathway
  164. 164auditory pathway has parallel pathways that make hundreds of synaptic contacts: T/F?False, they make THOUSANDS
  165. 165Cochlear nuclear projections are to the ipsilateral/contralateral inferior colliculus?CONTRALATERAL
  166. 166Where do other fibers in the Cochlear pathways terminate?Superior olivary complex and inferior colliculus
  167. 167Where are the ascending fibers from in the cochlear nuclei projections? (IC, SOC, LL, MGB?Lateral Leminiscus
  168. 168Do any fibers in the cochlea travel ipsilaterally? If so, from where?Yes; ascend to inferior colliculus
  169. 169Where is the first stop of audition from both ears received?Superior olivary complex
  170. 170What is the role of the superior olivary complex on audition? (2)compare time of arrival and intensity information from both ears
  171. 171Superior olivary complex is for directional hearing capability: T/F?True.
  172. 172Inferior colliculus projects to where?Thalamus
  173. 173Is it possible for the inferior colliculus to project contra laterally?Yes; bilateral comparisons are possible
  174. 174Which has higher levels of auditory processing: superior olivary complex OR inferior colliculus?IC
  175. 175IC integrates with SOC, then what parts of the body?Head and neck
  176. 176IC has bottom up/ top down modulations?Top down; you hear the sound to you move towards it/away from it
  177. 177Medial geniculate body, receives all ascending/descending auditory information as the thalamic relay?ascending
  178. 178Medial geniculate body decussates: T/F?FALSE, no cross over
  179. 179MGB, does not ascend to the internal capsule; where does it pass: ventral/dorsal, rostral/caudal to reach A1?ventral, caudal
  180. 180In auditon, the higher the fiber travels the more/less complex?More
  181. 181Where is the primary auditory complex housed? (__ __ gyrus)transverse Heschl's
  182. 182Auditon is BA __41
  183. 183Primary auditory complex has tonotopic arrangement: T/F?True
  184. 184What does audition process? (3 things)frequency, loudness, temporal information
  185. 185Belt region is BA __42
  186. 186Auditory projects mainly to belt/parabelt?Belt
  187. 187Belt has primary projections to where?Parabelt region
  188. 188Parabelt is for auditory and ___ association cortexmultimodal
  189. 189Parabelt is BA __22
  190. 190Parabelts receives information from core: T/F?False; it does not
  191. 191Where does the parabelt, belt and A1 receive input from?Thalamus (MGB)
  192. 19241 travels direct to 42?Yes
  193. 19341 travels direct to BA 22?False, no direct onnection from 41, comes from 42 (belt)
  194. 194The primary auditory cortex is larger in the right/left for most people?Left
  195. 195auditory should encompass which two regions?Belt, parabelt
  196. 196Parabelt and belt are separate and have individual tonotopic organization: T/F?Trye
  197. 197Auditory processing is more complex in which: belt, parabelt, association cortex?association cortex
  198. 198Audition: where pathway is ventral/dorsal?ventral
  199. 199Audition: what pathway is ventral/dorsal?Dorsal
  200. 200Which is activated 30 ms earlier: what/where?where
  201. 201why is the where activated sooner?enable top-down information on object perception to be activated
  202. 202Where pathway is where to where?parietal to lateral pre-frontal
  203. 203what pathway is from where to where?anterior temporal to inferior frontal
  204. 204can efferent activity influence ascending information?Yes
  205. 205Roles of the descending pathway: modify or be a cochlear amplifier?yes
  206. 206role or descending pathway increase masking? T/fFalse, reduction in masking
  207. 207role or descending pathway uses selection attention: T/f?True
  208. 208role or descending pathway can't protect from intense sound: T/FFalse; does protect
  209. 209role or descending pathway adjust input from both ears to maintain equal input: T/F?true
  210. 210Vascular supply is from basilar artery, particularly ___ ___ artery?internal auditory
  211. 211internal auditory artery is which brach is from which branch of the brainstem?pontine level artery
  212. 212any vascular interruption likely to result in monaural hearing loss in CN __.VII - facial nerve
  213. 213Monaural hearing loss from CN VII can also affect which nerve?CN VI - abducens and ocular movements
  214. 214Hearing impairment leading to aphasia occurs in BA __ also known as __ area22, Wernicke's
  215. 215Pure word deafness is associated with unilateral/bilateral primary auditory temporal lesion?Bilateral
  216. 216dopamine input reduces effectiveness of which pathway?Indirect
  217. 217dopamine may modulate the reward behaviors thru influence on what?BG
  218. 218Hypo: increased/decreased movements?Decreased
  219. 219What disease has hypokinetic movements?parkinsons disease
  220. 220PD is caused by loss/increase of dopaminergic neurons in the __?Loss; SNpc
  221. 221What is the second most common adult neurological disorder?Parkinson
  222. 222Loss of dopamine reduces the effectiveness of which pathway?direct
  223. 223When dopamine is reduced, this causes a disinhibtion/inhibition to occur?disinhibition
  224. 224In PD can BG release movements effectively?No
  225. 225PD movements are driven by the UMN/LMN and are reduced?UMN
  226. 226PD movements are easy to initiate and terminate: T/F?False; they are difficult to initiate and terminitate
  227. 227PD has fast movements, and lots of facial expressions and arm movement: T/F?False; slow rigid movements, no facial expression, lack of arm swinging
  228. 228Hyper kinetic means?Increased movement
  229. 229What disease has hyperkinetic movements?Huntington's
  230. 230What degenerates in Huntinton's diease? (part of BG)striatum
  231. 231What part of BG over-inhibits the sub thalamic nucleus in Huntington's disease?GPe
  232. 232Subthalamic nucleus fails to disinhibit/inhibit the GPi?inhibit
  233. 233Huntington's disease has excessive unwanted movements: T/F?True
  234. 234what disease has jerky movements with no purpose?Huntingtons
  235. 235What is the target area of the BG for intervention on huntinton's disease?GPi
  236. 236Excitatory/inhibitory stimulation would increase the GPi leading to greater inhibition of the thalamus? -benefits which disease?excitatory, huntinton's
  237. 237Excitatory/inhibitory stimulation would provide less GPi? Benefiting what disease?Inhibitory, Parkinson
  238. 238Does the BG modulate non-motor aspects of behavior?Yes
  239. 239Similar parallel loops have been identified that target prefrontal and cingulate regions. These help with __ and __ regions?cognitive and emotional
  240. 240Prefrontal loop may regulate the initiation and termination of __ processes?Cognitive
  241. 241Limbic loop may initiate or terminate __ behaviors?Emotional
  242. 242PD and huntintons disease may have abnormalities in the cognitive/emotional loops of non-motor loops: T/F?True
  243. 243Tourettes may arise from BG dysfunction: T/F?True
  244. 244Ganglia is a collection of?nuclei
  245. 245Input structures of the BG are?Striatum
  246. 246Largest output structure of the BG?GPi
  247. 247What is the sub-cortical target of the output structure of the BG?Thalamus
  248. 248What are the pathways involved in movement selection?Direct pathway
  249. 249What is the function of the direct pathway?to initiate voluntary movement
  250. 250What is the function of the indirect pathway?To suppress unwanted movement
  251. 251PD results from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the __?SNpc
  252. 252HD results from degeneration of neurons in the?Striatum
  253. 253Connections with other parts of the CNS, the cerebellum plays its primary function of ensuring ___ of muscles and muscle groups?Coordination
  254. 254Word used to describe cooperative action of muscles?Synergy
  255. 255if you don't have cooperation from the cerebellum, what will movements look like?clumsy, uncoordinated, disorganized
  256. 256What is the role of the cerebellum for speech?ongoing connected speech
  257. 257what does the cerebellum serve to reinforce or diminish?sensory or motor impulses
    is a modulator
  258. 258what words as a motor error detector? (thalamus, cerebellum, BG?)Cerebellum
  259. 259Cerebellar dysfunction clinical signs usually appear on the same/opposite side of the body as the cerebellar lesion?same
  260. 260Cerebellar dysfunction cerebellum and its pathways manifest on ipsilateral/contralateral effects?ipsilateral
  261. 261ataxia: general incoordination/coordination of motor acts with cerebellar system lesions?incoordination. Staggering or abnormal posture/gate present
  262. 262Cerebellar dysfunction has decomposition of movements: robotic. T/F?True
  263. 263Cerebellar dysfunction Dysmetria is an inability to gauge what?distance, speed, power of movement

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Neuro Final Flashcards on Visual Pathway, created by mathieteal on 05/12/2014.
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mathieteal
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