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Jem Kinney Inglês 152 flashcards

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  1. 1What does the plant use the glucose formed in photosynthesis for?The fuel plant respiration (50%), biomass growth, generation of other important plant compounds (amino acids, cellulose, starch, sucrose)
  2. 2Which mineral nutrients are needed for Chl, proteins, protein "factory" and membranes?N, P, MG
  3. 3What can be used to assess efficiency of light reactions in photsynthesis?Fluorescence
  4. 4Is ATP long term energy storage or short term energy storage?Short term
  5. 5Is NADPH longterm energy storage or short term energy storage?Long term
  6. 6Under what conditions does photorepiration occur?Under higher temperatures and drought, as well as when there is a high ratio of oxygen to carbon dioxide
  7. 7What is the net chemical energy stored in carbohydrates from sunlight?5% due to energy losses during photosynthesis
  8. 8What is the trade-off that effects the stomata?It has a key role in maximising co2 uptake and minimizing h2o loss
  9. 9What is the An-Cc curve?A curve showing the relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and the rate of photosynthesis.
  10. 10What are the most important photosynthesis and growth-limiting factors?light, water, mineral nutrients and temperature
  11. 11Is light response at the leaf scale accurately reflected by the stand scale?No, because contributions of different leaf layers to stand photosynthesis can vary greatly.
  12. 12Are stand scale yield and individual plant yield related?They are often unrelated.
  13. 13What is the relationship between evaporation and stomatal conductance?evaporation increases linearly with stomatal conductance
  14. 14What is the realtionship with intercellular CO2 conc and net photsynthesis with stomatal conductance?Intercellular co2 conc and net photosynthesis show saturation pattern with stomatal conductance.
  15. 15What is the relationship between WUE and stomatal conductance?Water use efficiency decreases with increasing stomatal conductance.
  16. 16Is the An-Cc curve affected by water stress?yes
  17. 17when is there decrimination against carbon 13 isotope?-stomatal exchange between plant and atmosphere (slower diffusion)
    - lower reactivity with rubisco during C fixation
  18. 18is there a difference in carbon 13 discrimination in species ao varieties which have higher transpiration effciency (TE)yes discrimination is less
  19. 19What factors result in greater TE?1) lower stomatal conductance
    2) greater photosynthetic capacity
  20. 20What can isotopic composition be used for?isotopic composition can be used to select for genotypes with improved performance under condition where water is limiting
  21. 21What is P needed for?ADP/ATP, NADPH and ribosomes and phospholipid bi layers
  22. 22What is N needed for?Amino acids, chlorophyll, NADPH
  23. 23What is CO2 needed for?Sugar and biomass
  24. 24What is the relationship between PNUE photosynthetic N use effieciency and Leaf N content per leaf area?PNUE decreases
  25. 25What is the relationship with Leaf N content per leaf area and max photosynthetic rate?Max photsynthetic rate increases while leaf N content per leaf area increases.
  26. 26What causes variation in photsynthetic N use effieciency?Temperature and (genetically determined) photosynthetic pathway.
  27. 27What are characteristics of more sustainable leaves and what is the trade off?more sustainable leaves are thicker, have lower N concentration and lower photsynthesis rates.
    the trade off is between high productivity and longevity.
  28. 28what happens to plants at lower temperatures?enzymatic reaction rates, primarily associated with the dark reactions of photosynthesis, are temperature limited.
  29. 29what happens to plants at higher temperatures?At high temperatures the oxygenating reaction of Rubisco increase more than the carboxylating one, and photorespiration becomes proportionally more important.
  30. 30Adaption to high temperature typically causes a shift of the temperature optimum for net photosynthesis to higher temperatures.true
  31. 31what aspects of photsynthesis are effected when plants grown at a moderate temperature are transferred to a lower temperature (within "normal range)?Photosynthesis is initially reduced.
    photon absorption is not affected by temperature but the rate of election transfer and biochemical processes are reduced.
  32. 32What is the simple defintion of efficiency?Efficiency = output/input
    though the exact input is often not easy to quantify at field and ecosystem scales
  33. 33What are the two opposite strategy that have evolved to cope with extreme conditions?1)
    Rapid potential growth rate (annuals)
    2) great stress tolerance
  34. 34what are the trade-offs in- ecological: interactions among organisms and thier biotic or abiotic environment
    -physiological; physiological links between traits within organisms
    - genetic: antagonistic pleiotrophy among genes encoding different traits; gene linkage
  35. 35What is a crucial future challenge for the successfull engineering of desirable plants?The separation of physiological and genetic links between traits.
  36. 36What is the climate like in northern europe?Greater risk of frost during the winter but favourable temperatures for growth in the summer. precipitation sum low to medium
  37. 37What is the difference in photoperiods in higher latitudes?The photoperiod is much longer in higher latitudes which is favourable for growth
  38. 38Does northern europe have a low number of effective growing days?yes
  39. 39How much forest is there in sweden?- Currently 23 million ha of forest land
    - more than half of swedens land area
  40. 40What is growth in plants?The increment in dry mass, volume, length or area and it mostly involves the division, expansion and differentiation of cells.
  41. 41Does cell division causes an increase in volume.Cell division itself cannot cause an increase in volume and therefore does not drive growth itself. However it does provide the structural framework for subsequent cell expansion and volume growth.
  42. 42what does plant growth reguire?Growth requires cell elongation and the deposition of mass in the cytoplasm and cell walls which ultimately determine the increment in volume or mass.
  43. 43Do increment in dry mass always concide with changes in each of the components of growth.no
  44. 44When is the analysis of relative growth rate (RGR) most appropriate?the analysis of relative growth rate (RGR) is most appropriate during the exponential growth phase.
  45. 45What does exponential growth suggest?Exponential growth, as assumed in the RGR concept, implies that a small difference in RGR of two plants may lead to a large difference in final weight.
  46. 46What are final wieght determinants?(1) seed weight in annual plants, or initail weight ( at the start of growing season in perennial plants.
    (2) the rate of increase, i.e., RGR
    (3) the time during which the plant is increasing in weight.
  47. 47What is LAR?Amount of leaf area per total plant mass
  48. 48What is NAR?rate of increase in plant mass per leaf area
  49. 49What is SLA?leaf area per leaf mass
  50. 50What is LMR?fraction of total plant biomass allocated to leaves
  51. 51Is RGR positively correlated with LARyes
  52. 52Is RGR positively correlated with LMRyes
  53. 53Is RGR positively correlated with NARno
  54. 54is RGR oftern positvely correlated with SLAyes
  55. 55is RGR often correlated with leaf level net photosynthetic rate?no
  56. 56What do low rgr plants use C for?Low RGR plants use more C for respiration, especially in roots.
  57. 57What do high-RGR plants use C forhigh-RGR plants allocate more C in new growth especially leaves.
  58. 58How much resources do annual plants allocate to storage?Annual plants allocate relatively little resources to storage which contributes to their high RGR.
    priority is the formation of large seed biomass ensuring survival.
  59. 59How much resources do perennials allocate to storagePerennial plants have a large capacity for storage of nutrients and carbohydrates, which reduces their growth potential (e.g., RGR) in the early vegetative phase.
    Once the storage of resources is achieved, these plants can start early in seasonal climate and survive periods that are unfavourable for growth and nutrient uptake.
  60. 60What are costs of storage?- Direct costs for translocation of storage compounds
    - Chemical conversions to specific storage compounds
    -construction of storage cells and tissues, and their protection
    - "opportunity costs", ie. reduced growth as resources are not used for structural purposes.
  61. 61When does competition occur?When plants utilize the same pool of growth-limiting resources, or when one plant produces chemicals that negatively affect their plant neighbours (allelopathy).
  62. 62Does the environment affect the competitive ability of a plant?yes
  63. 63what is phenotypic plasticity?Phenotypic plasticity is the capacity of an individual (or a genotype) to exhibit a range of phenotypes in response to variation in the environment ( i.e., ability to acclimate).
  64. 64Can small plasticity for one trait result from a large plasticity in other traits?yes
  65. 65is the analysis of differences in plasticity between genotypes or individuals frowing nearby each other easy?No, differences in plasticity between genotypes or individuals growing nearby each other are extremely important for plant-plant interaction, but their analysis is challenging as the relationships involved are very complex.
  66. 66What are common mechanisms for neighbour perception?- Reduced PAR level
    - radiation quantity and quality by means of special pigments
    - R: FR ration
    - chemical signals, including allelochemicals and volatiles
    -mechanical stimulation ("touching")
  67. 67How may a plant respond to lower R:Fr ratios?enhanced rate of stem elongation
  68. 68“Strong competitors” show high RGR under conditions favourable for growth, and the greater competitive ability is associated with high leaf area ratio, thin and light roots.true,
    "Strong competitors” often have large and thin leaves
    and/or long and light roots, an advantage in productive
    environments.
  69. 69”Poor competitors”, i.e., inherently slow-growing plants, may have greater capacity to explore soil nutrient resources, due to higher root allocation; and thereby outcompete inherently fast-growing plantsTrue, "strong competitior" thin roots (and leaves) decay easier, which is
    associated with great nutrient losses – clearly a disadvantage in nutrient-poor conditions and in the long term, in which the “slow-growing” plants indeed are more competitive.
  70. 70Where is facilitation most likely to occur?Facilitation occurs mostly where the physical environments or water and nutrients constrain growth.
  71. 71What is the dominance of competition or facilitation effects dependent on?context
  72. 72Maximum growth rate of specific monocultures and mixtures is often higher than average diversity effect on productivity.true
  73. 73Is greater diversity always beneficial in terms of community productivity?not always,
    - any beneficial effects of mixtures strongly depend on the component identities, and component identity can have a stronger influence that diversity on productivity.
    - relevent mechanisms may differ between environments and plant teams
    - "time" is an important aspect in the potentially beneficial effects of increased diversity on productivity.
  74. 74What are the imputs and outputs of the terrestrial N cycle?Inputs: - N mineralization, N deposition, N fixation, N fertilisation (inorganic and organic)
    outputs: N losses through volatilization, leaching and denitrification, - N immobilization, N in harvested yield
  75. 75What are three tools to improve nutirent use efficiency across scales?- Agronomy/silviculture (production system/ management)
    - physiology
    - genetics ( breeding)
  76. 76What are the three important processes for resource efficiency of plant factory?- Acquisition of resource
    - internal use of resource for producing yield
    - re-allocation of resource to units that survive the life time of the plant factory (alternative is loss of resource)
  77. 77What are the three basic componenets of nutrient use efficiency?- efficiency of nutrient acquisition (nutrient uptake based on wither external or plant-internal sources)
    - efficiency with which the nutrient is utilised to produce yield ( nutrient productivity)
    - Efficiency with which the nutrient is stored or conserved in long-living tissues (nutrient conservation) for enhancing the period in which the nutrient can be used for production (mean residence time of nutrient)
  78. 78How is the efficiency of nutrient acquisition quantified?- quantification in terms of soil nutrient contents
    -quantification in terms of plant-internal nutrient accumulation in growth analysis approaches
  79. 79How is the efficiency with which the nutrint is utilised to produce yield caluculated?- calculated in simple output/input approached as ration between e.g. final yield and final total plant nutrient content.
    - calculated in growth analysis approaches as ration between final yield and mean total plant nutrient content during the period in which nutirents are the most limiting factor for the generation of yield
  80. 80Is the efficiency with which the nutirent is stored or conserved in long-living tissues considered in simple output/input approaches?No, it is calculated in growth analysis approaches as nutrient re-translocation into perennial tissues.
  81. 81what are the two approaches for whole-plant NUE assessments?- Mass balances between final yield, plant N pool and soil N content
    - Mass balances between yield and plant N pools at different points in time.
  82. 82what are variation in nutrient use efficiency caused by?- environmental conditions
    - management
    - plant species and/or genotype
    - interactions among the above
  83. 83Is there a generally agreed definition of NUE?no
  84. 84What does N uptake depend on?Environment & management: -Soil N content and N form, - Microbial environment
    Plant characteristics: - rooting depth and root absorptive surface area - root architecture - activity of N transporters (ion channels, carriers)
  85. 85What does plant-internal N efficiency depend on?Environment & management:
    -climate (temperature, humidity) - Stand density, weeds, pests & diseases
    Plant characteristics: - Biomass allocation pattern, -photosynthetic efficiency, -longevity of functional leaves
  86. 86What does N retranslocation depend on?Environment & management: - climate, - pests &disease
    Plant characteristics: - plant functional type, - metabolic capacity to re-use plant-internal N (protein turnover, e.g. autophagy pathway)
    - Senescence timing and dynamics
  87. 87What type of N re-translocation efficiency is often desired in perennial crops?High N re-translocation efficiency is often desired.
  88. 88What N re-translocation efficiency is often desired in annual crops.Low N re-translocation efficiency can be advantageous in annual crops to reduce N depletion of the cropping system.
  89. 89Do all plant level NUE improvements result in enhanced sustainability?Many but not a ll
  90. 90What is a model?a simplified representation of reality used to understand the real world system.
  91. 91What are the parameters, control variable and response variable in a static quantative model?The prarmeters are constants that do not change over time, but do affect the output values of the model.
    - Control variable - variable that is kept on a constant value within a treatment of an experiment.
    - Response variable - variable for which the response to changes in the control variable is investigated.
  92. 92What is the state of a system?- The values of the variable that describe the system of interest at a certain time
  93. 93Does the state of the model in a static system change?No the state of the model does not change with time.
    In a dynamic model the state of the model does change with time.
  94. 94What is growth?- The change of the state over time
  95. 95Is biomass production proportional to the amount of biomass that is already ther.yes
  96. 96What is the equation for the change in biomassthe change in biomass is the relative growth rate * biomass
  97. 97What is interpolation?The calculation of a state variable within the range of data for which the model is calibrated and validated
  98. 98What is extrapolation?- calcualtion of state variable outside the range of data for which the model is calibrated and validated.
  99. 99What are the different phases of model development?- quantification, - calibration, - validation, - evaluation
  100. 100What are the phenotyping requirements for phenotyping for plant breeding?Identify plants with superior traits
  101. 101What are the phenotyping requirements for phenotyping in farming- monitor crops for fertilizing, weed detection etc.
  102. 102what is proximal phenotyping ?Phenotyping of plants done with ground based vechiles and sensors
  103. 103What are handheld sensors commonly used for?- estimating plant chlorophyll fluorescence, canopy temperature, nitrogen content, leaf area and plant height.
  104. 104What are mobile platform comonly used for?estimating plant biomass, leaf area index, counting plants, plant height, early vigor and plant maturity.
  105. 105What are the steps for analyzing drone images?images, orthomosaics and data analysis
  106. 106Why can orthomosaics have large inaccuracies?various factors such as lens distortion, GSD, overlap of the acquired images during flight and the equipment used for estimating camera positions during image acquisitions.
  107. 107What is required to perform quantitative analysis on orthomosacisestimation and reducing error in orthomosaics is necessary. erros can be controlled by reducing the ground sampling distance and using ground control points
  108. 108What is shovelomics?It is a low throughput, natural environment root phenotyping technique which involves excavation of the upper portions of root systems in the field and measuring root properties such as numbers, angles, densities and lengths.
  109. 109What are rhizotrons?A high throughput root pheontying technique in a field setting. It is a laboratory constructed underground in order to study the soil and its interactions with plants and animals.
  110. 110What are hydroponics?A high throughput root phenotyping technique in an artificial environment. It involves growing plants in a water based, nutrient rich solution before scanning them.
  111. 111Is trait the same as phenotype?Not necessarily, it is often used interchangeably. A trait is generally used to indicate a single characteristic.
  112. 112What experiments can be used to test between genetic variation or developmental adaptation?- Common garden
    - varying controlled conditions and transplantation
  113. 113What is phenotypic plasticity?"phenotypic plasticity is the range of variation of a trait in a genotype as a result of growth in contrasting environmental conditions"
  114. 114How to quantify phenotypic plasticity?- relative change trait mean E1, trait mean E2
  115. 115Are there phenotypes that are not plastic?yes,
    e.g teosinte branching patterns are sensitive to environment but the plasticity is lost in maize
  116. 116what is the relationship with yield stability across environments?yield stability across environments decreases with increases root plasticity.
  117. 117What interactions do phenotyps emerge from?(G x E x M)
  118. 118What effects carbon and biomass allocation below-ground?- Root biomass
    - root architecture
    - root turnover
    - interactions with soil microbes
  119. 119Why is our ability to derive plant quantitative traits and growth dynamics not occuring at the same fast pace as genomics?Plant physiology and breeding research still depends on methods that are: labour intensive, require destructive measurements for estimating leaf and root growth, limited temporal resolution, are often limited to a few treatments and genotypes contrasts, for large plant populations, often only qualitative data
  120. 120What are the major advantages of imaging?- human observation & imaging: image as alternative (expert knowledge-based), image assists (documentation, standardisation)
    - (semi-) automated imaging & image analysis, increased throughput, objective assessment by non-experts
    - spatial resolution
    temporal resolution
    traits not visable to the human eye
    - from subcellular to regional level
  121. 121In a digital camera, what do the sensor pick up and what does the lens, distance pick upThe sensors picks up physical size spationail resolution and sensitivity.
    the lens focal length determins angle of view, filters can be added
    distance determines the field of view
  122. 122What is image segmentation?process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments (sets of pixels) that are more meaningful and easier to analyse. segmentation is typically used to locate features of interest (objects of boundaries by assigning to label them.
  123. 123What is feature quantification?Quantitative measurement of feature of interest, which may include counting of independent occurrences in the image, its area, perimeter, shape. Quantitative measurements may be absolute or relative.
  124. 124What othe useful geometric parameters can be derived from image processing?- rotational symmetry, stockiness, convexhull, surface coverage, compactness, area by circumference, excentricity
  125. 125What wavelengths does chlororoplhyll a (Chl) absorb?Yellow and blue wavelengths, reflects green.
  126. 126what wavelengths do carotenoids absorb?Carotenoids are accessory pigments that contribute to photosynthesis transferring the absorbed light to Chl. Absorb violet- green light. protect chlorophyll from photodamage
  127. 127Which wavelengths do anthocyanin absorb?Anthocyanin protects plants from high-light damage.
    Absorbs blue-green and UV light.
    Under low light conditions it also can increase photosynthetic light availability
  128. 128Do all objects emit electromagnetic radiation?yes, thermal energy given off by an object is spread across all wavelengths, peaking at a wavelength determined by the objects temperature. Hot objects emit peak radiation at short wavelengths, while cooler objects do so at longer wavelengths.
  129. 129does visable root length correlate with global root parameters?yes
  130. 130What is a plants genotype?A plants genotype is all of its gene
  131. 131what is a plants phenotype?a combination of its genotype environment and management. plants with same genotype can have different phenotypes
  132. 132what is phenotyping?Phenotyping is analysing a plants phenotype.
  133. 133What is phenomics?a way of speeding up phenotyping using high tech imaging systems and computer power.
  134. 134what are the main regions of the EM spectrum used in phenotyping?- optical - 300 nm - 2500
    - thermal - earth and crops - 7500 - 14000
    - Gamma ray (0.03) - rocks and soil
    - microwave (1nm-1m)
  135. 135what is a passive sensor?A passive sensor is an instrument designed to receive and to measure natural emissions produced by constituents of the Earths surface and its atmosphere
  136. 136What are active sensors?an active sensor is an instrument used for measuring signals transmitted by the sensor that were reflected, refracted or scattered by the Earth's surface or its atmosphere.
  137. 137what are the four resolution attributes?- spatial resolution
    - spectral resolution
    - radiometric
    - temporal
  138. 138the narrower the wavelength range for a particular band, the finer the spectral resolution?true
  139. 139what measurements can be taken using 3D image?- shoot mass
    - leaf number, shape and angle
    - leaf colour
    - leaf health
  140. 140What are FIR cameras used for?FIR cameras are used to study temperature
    they use light in the FIR region of the spectrum (15-1000)
  141. 141What can temperature differences be used to study?- salinity tolerance, water usage and photosynthesis efficiency
  142. 142What is fluorescence imaging used for?Fluorescence imaging is used to study plant health and photosynthesis
  143. 143When does fluorescence occur?- Fluorescence occurs when an object absorbs light of one wavelength and gives off light of a different wavelength
  144. 144What is chlorophyll fluoresce used for?Chlorophyll fluorescence is used to study the effect of different genes or environmental conditions on the efficiency of photosynthesis
  145. 145What is MRI used for?MRI is used to study plant roots.
    - mri allows the 3d geometry of roots to be viewed just as if the plant was growing in the soil.
  146. 146What is spectral reflectance?spectral reflectance is the fraction of light reflected by a non-transparent surface
  147. 147What does the phenomobile carry equipment to measure?- leaf greeness and ground cover
    - canopy temperature
    - volume (biomass) of plants, plant height and plant density
    - crop chemical composition
  148. 148What are the four crop breeding pillars?- environmental adaptation
    - phenotypic characterization
    - genetic diversity
    - genetic information
  149. 149what is raster data?predominantlu optical imagery gathered from satellites or airplanes
  150. 150What is point data?- measured values of an attribute with specific information about the location of the sample site.
  151. 151what is leaf interaction with incoming light like in healthy vigerous plants?- absorb a lot of red and blue light in the cell chlorophyll and
    - reflect a lot of green and NIR
  152. 152What is leaf interaction with incoming light like in poorer plants?- Absorb less, and therefore reflect more red and blue light (they look less green)
    - reflect less NIR due to poor leaf structure

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FlashCards sobre Sem título, criado por Jem Kinney em 22-10-2019.
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