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- 1Q. 1) Where and when was resource conservation advocated for the first time? 2) Which report introduced the concept of sustainable development? 3) Which book was published on the ideas introduced by the report?1) At the club of Rome in 1968.
2) Brundtland Commission Report, 1987
3) Our common future - 2Q. How can the land be utilized in IndiaLand resources are used for the following purposes:
1. Forests
2. Land not available for cultivation (a) Barren and wasteland
(b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g.
buildings, roads, factories, etc.
3. Other uncultivated lands (excluding
fallow land) (a) Permanent pastures and grazing land, (b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops
groves (not included in the net sown area), (c) Culturable wasteland (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).
4. Fallow lands (a) Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year), (b) Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).
5. Net sown area Area sowed more than once in an agricultural year plus the net sown area is known as gross cropped area. - 3Q. name the causes of land degradation in India. ( 5 marker )1. Human activities have
not only brought about the degradation of the land but have also aggravated the pace of natural forces to cause damage to the land. Some human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining, and quarrying to have contributed significantly to land degradation
2. Mining sites are abandoned after
excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due to mining have
caused severe land degradation
3.. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over-irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to waterlogging leading to an increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
4. The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the
process of infiltration of water into the soil after it. - 4ANSWER CONTINUED - 5. In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the countryCUT THIS OUT
- 5Q. How can we solve the problem of Land degradation.There are many ways to solve the problems of land degradation. Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. Planting of shelter belts of plants, control overgrazing, stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes is some of the methods to check land degradation in arid areas. Proper management of wastelands, control of mining activities, proper discharge, and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.
- 6Q. what is soil, name the factors affecting the soil formation.The soil is a living system. It
takes millions of years to form soil up to a few cms in depth. Relief, parent rock or bedrock, climate, vegetation, and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil. Various forces of nature such as a change in temperature, actions of running water, wind, and glaciers, activities of decomposition, etc. contribute to the formation of soil. Chemical and organic changes that take place in the soil are equally important. Soil also consists
of organic (humus) and inorganic materials.
Factors affecting - colour, thickness, texture, age, chemical and physical properties, - 7Q. Write the classification of soil.#Alluvial
#Black
#Red and Yellow
#Laterite
#Arid
#Forest - 8Q. Features of Alluvial soil.*This is the most widely spread and important soil. It is one of the most fertile soil.
* These have been
deposited by three important Himalayan river systems – the Indus, the Ganga, and The Brahmaputra.
*These soils also extend in
Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow
corridor.
*Alluvial soil is also found in the
eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Kaveri rivers.
*The alluvial soil consists of various
proportions of sand, silt, and clay - 9Q. Differnciate between bhangar and khadarAccording to their age
alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar). The bangar soil has a higher concentration of Kanker nodules than the Khadar. It has more fine particles and is more fertile than the
bangar - 10Q. Black soilThese soils are black in color and are also known as regur soils. Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil. It is believed that climatic condition along with the parent rock material is the important factors for the formation of black soil. This type of soil is typical of the Deccan
trap (Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh and extend in the southeast direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys. The black soils are made up of extremely
fine i.e. clayey material. They are well-known for their capacity to hold moisture. In addition, they are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, and lime. These soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents. They develop deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in
the proper aeration of the soil. These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the first shower or during the pre-monsoon period. - 11Q. laterite soilLaterite has been derived from the Latin word ‘later’ which means brick. The laterite soil develops under a tropical and subtropical climate with the alternate wet and dry seasons. This soil is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain. Lateritic soils are mostly deep to very deep, acidic (pH<6.0), generally deficient in plant nutrients and occur mostly in southern states, Western Ghats region of Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of West Bengal and North-east regions. Where these soils support deciduous and evergreen forests, it is humus-rich, but under sparse vegetation and in a semi-arid environment, it is generally humus poor. They are prone to erosion and degradation due to their position on the landscape. After adopting appropriate soil conservation techniques particularly in the hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, this soil is very useful for growing tea
and coffee. Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala are more suitable for crops like a cashew nut.
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