Flashcards

cs flashcards

Libby Hughes Inglês 34 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (34)

1CPUThe CPU, Central Processing Unit, or simply processor, is the main chip in a computer responsible for carrying out all tasks. It’s responsible for telling all the other components in a computer what to do, according to the instructions it is given by the programs (software) running on that computer
2Fetch decode execute cycleThe fetch–decode–execute cycle or the fetch-execute cycle is the cycle which the central processing unit (CPU) follows from boot-up until the computer has shut down in order to process instructions. It is composed of three main stages: the fetch stage, the decode stage, and the execute stage.
3control unitThe control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic and logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to the instructions that have been sent to the processor
4ALUIn computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a combinational digital circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers. This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers
5registersRegisters are memory inside a processor that aren't part of "main" memory. Registers either have a dedicated hardware function (like the PC), or are tied to data paths inside the processor in special ways that wouldn't be possible for the larger and slower main memory
6clockThe clock ensures that the various circuits inside a computer work together at the same time. Clock speed is measured by how many ticks per second the clock makes. The unit of measurement called a hertz (Hz), which is technically one cycle per second, is used to measure clock speed
7catcheThe main purpose of a cache is to accelerate your computer while keeping the price of the computer low. Caching allows you to do your computer tasks more rapidly as it is quicker to use the catche and it gives your computr more memory then if it sent instructions to the ram and back every time (fast access memory with instructions likely to be used again stored close to the cpu)
8program counterA program counter (PC) is a CPU register in the computer processor which has the address of the next instruction to be executed from memory. It is a digital counter needed for faster execution of tasks as well as for tracking the current execution point
9MAR/MDRMAR/MDR registers are a particular implementation technique that can be used for a CPU to directly control a memory bus. As such they're only relevent for simple processors -- all the processors you name have a cache between the CPU and memory, so are much more complex (The MDR is a two-way register. When data is fetched from memory and placed into the MDR, it is written to go in one direction)
10Accumulatorthe accumulator acts as a temporary storage location which holds an intermediate value in mathematical and logical calculations. Intermediate results of an operation are progressively written to the accumulator, overwriting the previous value
11von neumann architectureThe term "von Neumann architecture" has evolved to mean any stored-program computer in which an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time because they share a common bus. This is referred to as the von Neumann bottleneck and often limits the performance of the system
12RAMRAM is short for “random access memory” and while it might sound mysterious, RAM is one of the most fundamental elements of computing. RAM is the super-fast and temporary data storage space that a computer needs to access right now or in the next few moments
13ROMROM (read only memory) is a flash memory chip that contains a small amount of non-volatile memory. Non-volatile means that its contents cannot be changed and it retains its memory after the computer is turned off (stores the boot up (BIOS) for the computer)
14Virtual memoryvirtual memory is used to store data/ programs that are open but not currently in use so there is more space in the ram for the apps that are being used
15secondary storageAlternatively referred to as external memory, secondary memory, and auxiliary storage, a secondary storage device is a non-volatile device that holds data until it is deleted or overwritten. Secondary storage is about two orders of magnitude cheaper than primary storage
16computational thinkingComputational thinking means thinking or solving problems like computer scientists. CT refers to thought processes required in understanding problems and formulating solutions. CT involves logic, assessment, patterns, automation, and generalisation
17abstractionIn computational thinking , when we decompose problems, we then look for patterns among and within the smaller problems that make up the complex problem. Abstraction is the process of filtering out – ignoring - the characteristics of patterns that we don't need in order to concentrate on those that we do
18decompositionThe power of computational thinking starts with decomposition, which is the process of breaking down complex problems into smaller, more manageable parts, this process of breaking down problems enables us to analyse the different aspects of them, ground our thinking, and guide ourselves to an end point
19algorithmic thinkingAlgorithmic thinking is the use of algorithms, or step-by-step sets of instructions, to complete a task
20LANlocal area network, a network that covers a single building or small site
21WANwide area network, a network that covers a large geographical area of at least a mile
22Routera device that sends packets between networks and makes decisions about where to send data and by what route
23WAPwireless access point, a device that allows devices to connect to a network using standards such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
24Switchfilters and forwards data packets directly to the intended recipient
25Hubfilters and forwards data packets to all connected nodes
26NICnetwork interface controller, a computer component that allows a computer to connect to a network
27MAC addressesa unique number assigned to each NIC, identifies any device on a network
28IP addressesa unique number that identifies a device on the internet
29Client Servera network that relies on a centralised server /all clients (devices) request services from the server
30Peer to Peera network where all devices have equal status /can all request and provide network services
31Topologya certain way that parts of a network are connected or arranged
32Star topologyall devices connected to a central device, usually a router or a switch
33Mesh Topologyall devices connected to all other devices through lots of wires, no central device/switch
34Partial mesh topologysame as a mesh but each device is connected to most other devices not all of them