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Flashcards

Behavioral Learning

aruss16 Inglês 62 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (62)

  1. 1Conditioninglearned responses by association, application of memory to create learned relationships between stimuli & behavior
  2. 2Stimulusthat cause or modifier of a behavior
  3. 3Behaviorresponsive actions of stimuli
  4. 4Classical Conditioningprocess of learning when a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with the natural cause of behavior and creates a similar or related response
  5. 5unconditioned stimulusany natural stimulus that causes a reflexive behavior
  6. 6unconditioned responsethe automatic (unlearned) behavioral reflex of a stimulus
  7. 7conditioned stimulusa previously neutral stimulus that, through sessions of acquisition, causes a learned behavior response
  8. 8conditioned responselearned behavior developed in association with a conditioned stimulus
  9. 9Stimulus Extinctiongradual erosion of conditioned behaviors due to a dissociation of CS and UCS (learned association of stimuli becomes broken, CS is now meaningless and no longer elicits conditioned response) [CS back to neutral stimulus]
  10. 10Spontaneous Recoverysudden reappearance of a previously extinguished CR taht is displayed following an extended delay in CS presentation or after a brief reacquisition of the CS ( CR is weaker than when first learned)
  11. 11Stimulus Generalizationconditioned responses that are triggered not only by the conditioned stimulus but also by stimuli that resemble the CS (focus on similarities among related stimuli and responding to stimuli)
  12. 12Stimulus Discriminationbehavioral changes that result from differences between new stimuli that are otherwise similar to the conditioned stimulus (focuses on differences among related stimuli responding with different behaviors)
  13. 13Superstitionfalse and irrational associations of stimuli conditioned through coincidence
  14. 14Taste Aversiona learned (conditioned) avoidance of food, aversions generally require only 1 acquisition for the conditioned behavior to develop
  15. 15Phobiairrational fears that often develop as a result of exaggerated conditioned learning
  16. 16John Watson"Little Albert Experiment"
    -experiment of how phobias can be created, generalized and extinguished based upon CC principals (The little Chelie Experiment)
  17. 17Phobia Therapyextinction of fear based upon conditioning principles of disassociation
  18. 18Floodingexposure to overwhelming of the fear provoking stimulus
  19. 19Systematic Desensitizationgradual exposure to progressive increments of the fear provoking stimulus in conjuction with relaxation techniques
  20. 20Ivan Pavlovconditioned response experiments (Dogs)
    -showed how learning can be studied objectively
  21. 21behaviorismthe view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior w/o reference to mental processes [most agree with 1 but not 2]
  22. 22learninga relatively permanent change in organisms behavior due to experience
  23. 23acquisitionin CC, the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering a unconditioned response
  24. 24higher -order conditionedprocedure in which CS in one conditioning experience is paired with new neural stimulus creating a second (weaker) stimulus
  25. 25Law of EffectThorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
  26. 26shapingtechnique of instructing complex behaviors by breaking them down into smaller components and applying reinforcement upon the successful completion of each step (building upon prior knowledge and skill sets)
  27. 27Operant Conditioninglearning based upon the association of behavior and stimulus --> consequences for actions
    -learning in response to trial and error
    -initiating or stopping actions as learned associations of Behavioral Modifiers
  28. 28Behavioral Modifiersreinforcements & punishments
  29. 29Thorndikelaw of effect- trial & error
    -studied animal behaviors in puzzle boxes
    -focused on reinforcement based behavioral modification
  30. 30Thorndike's Learning Curve3rd time is a charm
  31. 31Reinforcementsany stimuli added or taken away to make a behavior increase frequency, promotes likelihood of re-occurence
  32. 32Punishmentsstimuli added or taken away that will decrease behavioral responses
    (punishment alone is proven to be effective) (reinforcement alone is proven to be more effective)
  33. 33Skinneradapted Thorndikes puzzle boxes w/ both reinforcements and punishments--Skinner Boxes
    **punishment and reinforcement combined accelerate the learning curve
  34. 34David PremackThe Premack Principle
    -desirable stimuli are effective motivators to modify undesirable behaviors (incentive based learning) (reinforcement after the fact to reward behavior)
  35. 35Positive Reinforcementstimuli added so that the frequency of learned behavior increase (stimulus typically desirable-reward incentive)
  36. 36Negative Reinforcementstimuli taken away or the removal of a stressor or high stress environment to promote behavior-typically the removal of adverse stimuli
  37. 37Positive Punishmentstimuli added that will reduce the reoccurance of a behavior- stimulus typically adverse (except pacification-develops into reinforced behavior)
  38. 38Negative Punishmentwithdrawing a stimulus as means to lessen reoccurence of a behavior (typically the deprivation of desired stimuli)
  39. 39Continuous Reinforcementapplying a reinforcement upon completion of every display of conditioned behavior (promotes the quickest response for learning new behaviors) (often leads to behavioral dependency & promotes extinction when reinforcements stop)
  40. 40Partial Reinforcementbehavior is not reinforced every time, but is reinforced frequently enough so that a conditioned behavior develops or is maintained (behaviors become more resistant to extinction even when reinforcement stops) (based upon interval and ratio)
  41. 41Schedules of Partial ReinforcementRatio Schedules--> based upon amount/# of behaviors
    Interval Schedules-->based upon passage of time
  42. 42Fixed-Ratioreward is applied after completion of a constant # of behavioral responses
    **high response rates as you approach the reward, followed by drop off upon receipt
  43. 43Variable Ratiothe # of correct behaviors flucuate before reinforcement is awarded-behavior amount is set to average
    **high response rates and high resistience to extinction
  44. 44Fixed-Intervalreinforcement is received after a preset amount of time passes upon a successful completion of the behavior
    **behavior progressively increases, then drops off
  45. 45Variable-Intervalunpredictable amounts of time pass between completion of the behavior and the receipt of the reinforcement
    ** comparably lower responsiveness but more constant/stable rates overall
  46. 46Latent Learninglearned behaviors (memory) that develop with no direct reinforcement and only tend to appear out of necessity, learning displayed only when there is incentive to do so
  47. 47Insightsudden flash of understanding and problem solving ability
  48. 48Edward TolmanCognitive Mapping Experiments (mouse maps-latent learning), incentive based behavioral modification
  49. 49Wolfgang Kohlerstudied problem solving insight through a series of chimpanzee experiments
  50. 50Modelingobservational learning, process of learning new behaviors by mimicking the actions of others
  51. 51Albert Bandura"Bodo Doll Experiment"
    -aggressive behavior in children via observational modeling
  52. 52Emotionstates of responsive sensation that contributes to a behavioral mood
  53. 533 Elements of Human EmotionPhysiological, Cognitive, Behavioral
  54. 54Physiological Elements of Emotion-nervous system responds to environment
    -biochemical transmission (serotonin & dopamine)
    -anatomical structures (frontal lobe & amygdala)
  55. 55Cognitive Elements of Emotionconsciously learning from situational experiences and previous states of emotion (emotional intelligence)
    -state dependent memory cues
  56. 56Behavioral Elements of Emotion-actions based upon emotional states
    -expressing & displaying emotion
  57. 57Paul EckmanCross Cultural Expression Identification Study-estabilished a universal taxonomy standardizing human facial expressions, Facial Action Coding (FACS)
  58. 58Biological Explanation of Human Emotion-emotions are psychosomatic sensations caused by the release of hormones and biochemicals (regulated by serotonin) as a result of nervous system activations
  59. 59James Lange Theoryemotions are products of physiological reactions to events (bodily response to stimuli)
  60. 60Cannon Bard Theorysymptoms of physiological arousal and emotional sensation respond simultaneously to stimuli
  61. 61Schacter Singer Two Factor Theoryhuman emotion is dependent upon two factors-- 1) physiological arousal & 2) Cognitive appraisal
  62. 62Cognitive Appraisalconscious understanding of the arousal

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FlashCards sobre Behavioral Learning, criado por aruss16 em 10-10-2013.
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aruss16
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