Flashcards
(Memory 1) Structural approaches to memory
Flashcards do conjunto (13)
- 1Structure vs Process of memorystructure - how memory is organized
Process- activities within memory system
(Encoding - Storage - Retrieval) - 2James (1890) Model of memoryImmediate memory and indirect memory
Telephone number vs Battle of Hastings
Primary and Secondary
Primary memory - memory that doesn't leave consciousness,
Secondary memory - permanent memory etched into brain itssues - 3Introduction of rehersal to James (1890)Waugh & Norman (1965) describe relationship between PM & SM
Item enters PM, held by rehearsal or forgotten. With enough rehearsal it may become part of SM. - 4Multistore model of Memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968)Three stores - sensory, short term and long ter with attention moving sensory to short and rehearsal moving short to long
- 5Elaborated elements of the Short-Term StoreREHEARSAL: maintain info in STS and allow transfer to LTS
CODING: attaching appropriate info from LTS - 01227 = Oh One Double 2 7
DECISION MAKING: who is minister for education? Extract candidates from LTS and decide
STS - more than simply memory for short time - 6Experiment on the Sensory StoreSperling (1960)
Examined Participants memory for brief visual displays
4 or fewer items recalled perfectly after only 50ms display
More than 6 items Ps still get about - 7Sperling's further Experiment with grid-like visual presentationsBriefly showed a grid of 12 letters and numbers randomly assorted, participants were still only able to recall 4 items.
Sperling then got the participants to recall single rows of letters when particular tones were heard (high tone, for top row, medium tone for middle row etc) - 8Primacy and Recency effectThe likelihood that you will remember words from the beginning and the end of the list than the ones from the middle of the list
- 9Capacity of Short-Term-Store and ChunkingShort term memory can hold 7 +/- 2 items
What is an item? What is chunking?
Chunking is a bit like seeing a list of words;
car, table, bike, chair, train, stool
and rememebring it as car, bike train ; table chair stool - 10How are items stored in terms of similarityPhoneticically similar letters are stored as teh same item; D and T
- 11Long Term StoreThere's evidence that LTS has an unlimited capacity
Things here are more likely stored semantically, Baddley and Dale (1966) --> participants were more likely - 12Sensory Register STS LTS CapacitiesSensory - capacity is limitless, all raw sensory information, will only last in memory for 250ms
STS - Small capacity (7 chunks), decays after 30 seconds
LTS - Huge capacity, things coded semantically - 13Advantages and Disadvantages of model and conclusionsModal (Multistore) model useful once but may be an over simplification
Distinctions between structures not as valid as once thought
Retention of material depends on processing
Material stays in icon for 250ms but only enters STS if selected by attention
Material can stay in STS for 30s but needs rehearsal to enter LTS
Length of time in system less important than process performed
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- FlashCards sobre (Memory 1) Structural approaches to memory, criado por sarahderveeuw em 14-05-2015.
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