Flashcards
Health of Adults
Flashcards do conjunto (36)
- 1What is the pleasure center of the brain?Nucleus accumbens
- 2Define: Contusions-bruises on the surface of the brain commonly found in frontal, temporal lobes
- 3Glasgow Coma ScoreSevere: 8 or less
Moderate: 9 to 12
Mild: 13 to 15 - 4Define: Epi (extra) dural hematoma-occurs at site of fracture
- between skull and dura
-quicker to develop - 5Define: Subdural hematoma-may occur weeks or months after injury
-tear in the arachnoid
-slower to develop - 6Define: Intracerebral hemotoma-bleeding occurs in brain tissue itself
-single or multiple - 7Maastricht categoriescategory 1: dead on arrival
category 2: unsuccessful resuscitation
category 3: awaiting cardiac arrest
category 4: cardiac arrest in a brain dead donor - 8Define: 1. referred pain 2. phantom limb pain1. pain that perceived at a site different from its points of origin but innervated by the same spinal segment
2. a type of neurological pain, follows amputation of a limb or part of a limb - 9Transmission of pain: 1. A-delta fibres 2. c-fibres fibres1. myelinated, well localised, well discriminated, fast pain pathway 30m/sec
2. 1m/sec, slow pathway, poorly localised - 10What are the 4 types of bone cells?1. osteogenic cells (stem-type cells)
2. osteoblasts- secrete new bone
3. osteocyates- maintain bone
4. osteoclasts- break down bone - 11What 2 types of bone cells make remodelling of the bone possible?Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
- 12Explain why vitamin c and d are essential in bone remodelling?vit c- essential for collagen formation
vit d-required for absorption of calcium and phosphate from diet - 13Define: osteoporosisreduction in organic matrix and mineral content of bone resulting increase fracture risk
- 141. Regeneration of injured tissue by... 2. Replacement of injured tissue by...1. parenchymal cells
2. connective tissue - 15What are the 4 stages of bone repair and healing1. hematoma formation
2. cellular proliferation
3. ossification
4. remodelling - 16What 5 factors affect wound healing?1. malnutrition
2. blood flow and oxygen delivery
3. inflammation/immune function
4. infection, wound separation and foreign bodies
5. age - 17Erickson: psychoanalytic theory in adults-intimacy vs isolation (young adults) forming lasting relationships
-generativity vs stagnation (middle age) achieve life goals, welfare for future generations - 18Levison's adult development theorystable period and transitional period
- 19Buhler stage theory/life span theoristlife patterns are guided by intentions, choosing life goals, working towards goals
- 20What is not filtered by the kidneys?blood cells (rbc's & wbc's) and protein
- 21Glomerular filtration ratenormal GFR 90-140 ml/min(men), 80-125 ml/min(women)
- 22Positive and negative pressure - normal lung inflation-pleural cavity maintains a negative pressure (3mmHg less than surrounding air)
- within the lungs is more positive (760mmHg) and causes lungs to press aginst the parietal pleura - 23Ventilation & perfusion ratio (p/v ratio)-measurement used to assess the efficiency and adequacy of the matching of two variables
-the ratio of the amount of air reaching the alveoli to the amount of blood reaching the alveoli - 24Low haemoglobin level=not getting enough oxygen to myocardium
- 25Vital signs - adultT=36.5-37.5
P=60-100
R=12-20
BP=100-139/60-89 - 262 forms of asthma-1. extrinsic - most common, atopic/allergic trigger
2. intrinsic - the pathogenesis of inflammation in this form is unclear, possibly associated with respiratory viral infections & inhaled pollutants such as sulphar dioxide - 27Cystic fibrosis-autosomal recessive condition involving secretion of viscous fluid from epithelial glands
-major cause of chronic respiratory disease children
-early diagnosis is crucial - 28Oxygen therapy-Nasal sepcs= 2L/min =23-28%, 4L/min =32-36%
-Simple face mask= 6L/min =50%, 8L/min =55%
-Non-rebreather mask with reservoir bags (minimises room entrainment) 15L/min 85% - 29ARDS-occurs as a result of injury to the aveolar capillary membrane resulting in leakage of fluid into the aveolar interstitial spaces and alteration in the capillary bed
-there is marked ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) imbalance due to an impaired gas exchange and extensive shunting of blood in the lungs - 30Normal values: PO2, PC02, HC03, pH, respiratory failure-P02 >75mmHg
-PC02 35-45mmHg
-HC03 22+/-2mmHg
-pH 7.35-7.45
-respiratory failure <60mmhg - 31Myocardial ischeamia=decrease ratio of 02 supply and 02 demand
- 32Atherosclerosis-chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall resulting from initial injury to the endothelial cells lining the artery
-injury is due to both chemical (diabetes, smoking etc) and mechanical (caused by increase BP) stress - 33Which blood group has no antibodies in plasma?AB
- 34In an emergency what blood is given?we can all recieve O in an emergency & AB plasma
- 35What temperature should a blood fridge be at and how long before you can reopen door after initial opening?-should be between 2-6 degress celcius
-takes half an hour before you can reopen blood fridge as it disturbs the temperature - 36Disorders of lung inflation-pleural effusion=abnormal collection of fluid in he pleural cavity
-atelectasis=collapse of lung segement
-pneumothorax=prtial or entire collapse of affected lung due to air in the pleural space