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Flashcards

rivers

Summer Norris Inglês 59 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (59)

  1. 1What is the drainage basin?An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
  2. 2What is the source of the river?Where the river starts
  3. 3What is the mouth of the river?Where the river meets the sea
  4. 4What is a tributary?A smaller river or stream that joins the main river.
  5. 5What is the watershed?The boundary of a river basin. Usually high land.
  6. 6What is a confluence?The point where two rivers meet.
  7. 7What is the discharge of the river?The amount of water at a given point and time.
  8. 8What is the velocity of the river?The speed of the river
  9. 9What is the gradient?The steepness of the land
  10. 10What happens to the channel width and depth downstream?Both increase
  11. 11What happens to velocity downstream?It increases
  12. 12What happens to discharge downstream?It increases
  13. 13What happens to gradient downstream?it decreases
  14. 14How many metres above sea level in the source of the River Dee?46m
  15. 15How long is the River Dee?110km
  16. 16Where is the mouth of the River Dee?Where the river meets the Irish Sea between Wales and the Wirral Peninsula
  17. 17Which of the following is an example of the impact the UK’s weather and climate has one river processes (e.g. erosion rates)?Rivers in wetter climates will erode more material than those in dryer climate
  18. 18Which of the following is an example of the impact of the UK’s weather and climate on river landforms and landscapes?In winter the differences between day and night temperatures can cause freeze-thaw mechanical weathering on riverbanks.
  19. 19Which 2 landforms are found in the upper course of a riverInterlocking spurs and waterfalls
  20. 20Which 4 landforms are found in the middle and lower course of a river?Meanders, river cliffs, point bars and oxbow lakes
  21. 21Which 2 landforms are found in the lower course of a river?Floodplains and levees
  22. 22Explain the formation of v-shaped valleys and interlocking spurs with reference to geology and erosion processes.The discharge is very small in the upper course so the river has very little energy to erode, and the rocks tend to be more resistant to erosion. The river does erode vertically due to the pull of gravity as it is an upland area. This creates v-shaped valleys. There is very little lateral erosion due to the low level of energy, so the river flows around the spurs rather than eroding them, resulting in the formation of interlocking spurs.
  23. 23Explain the formation of waterfalls with reference to geology and erosion processes.Waterfalls form when hard rock is above soft rock. The soft rock is eroded more quickly than the hard rock by processes such as hydraulic action and abrasion. This leaves an overhang of hard rock which eventually collapses due to the pull of gravity, which results in the formation of the plunge pool. Over time, the soft rock is further eroded, so a new overhang forms and the process repeats. The waterfall retreats resulting in the formation of a steep sided gorge.
  24. 24Explain the formation of meanders with reference to depositional and erosion processes.Meanders occur in the middle and lower course of the river. Discharge has increased and so the river has more energy to erode laterally, resulting in the river meandering. The fastest flow is on the outside of the bend, where it is deepest and so where the effect of friction is less. The faster flow has more energy to erode by processes such as hydraulic action and abrasion. Eventually the eroded bank collapses, leaving a steep river cliff. The slower flow is on the inside bend where the water is shallower and so where friction with the river bed is greatest. The slower flow has less energy and so the river deposits its load, resulting in the formation of a point-bar.
  25. 25Explain the formation of oxbow lakes with reference to deposition and erosion processes.Erosion processes such as hydraulic action and abrasion cause the neck of the meander to become narrower. During times of flood the river’s velocity increases and so it has more energy to erode. This can result in the river breaking through the neck of the meander. The river now flows straight and so the fastest flow which greater energy to erode is in the centre of the channel, and the slower flow is at the sides. Deposition takes place as the sides due to the slower flow having less energy to transport load. This deposition eventually cuts off the meander, creating an oxbow lake.
  26. 26Explain the formation of floodplains with reference to deposition and erosion processes.Floodplains can be created by both migrating meanders and floods. Migrating meanders erode the valley sides laterally by processes such as hydraulic action and abrasion, resulting in the flattening of the valley sides and so the creation of a floodplain. When a river floods it deposits its load across the valley, which flattens the land, again creating a floodplain. The heaviest material is deposited first as the river doesn’t have the energy to transport it, and the lighter material is deposited further across the floodplain. This is called sequential deposition.
  27. 27Explain the formation of levees with reference to deposition.When a river floods it deposits its load across the valley. The heaviest material is deposited first as the river doesn’t have the energy to transport it (sequential deposition). This material builds up resulting in the creation of raised river banks called levees. As the river floods more over time, the levees become larger.
  28. 28How is the River Dee an important economic resource for the area?94% of the River Dee’s catchment is rural, including forestry, sheep farming and pasture in the upper valley, and dairy farming, and arable farming in the lower valley.
  29. 29Give an example of how urbanisation has affected rivers, such as the River Dee.It has caused more flooding.
  30. 30Give an example of how Agriculture has affected rivers, such as the River Dee.Farmers are using more chemical fertilisers, which have an impact on the ecology of the river, causing algae bloom and water channels to become clogged with vegetation.
  31. 31Give an example of how industry has affected rivers, such as the River Dee.In the summer the River Dee’s natural flow does not provide enough water to meet the demand for industry and people. Growing demand in the 1960s led to a number of reservoirs being built to store water during the winter months.
  32. 32What is the difference between physical and human causes of flooding?Physical causes are natural, whereas human are man-made.
  33. 33Explain how heavy rainfall increases the risk of flooding.If there has been rain for a number of days then the ground becomes saturated. The water then flows straight into the rivers causing them to flood.
  34. 34Explain how impermeable rock increases the risk of flooding.Rainwater cannot soak through rock like granite so it will flow straight to the river as surface run-off.
  35. 35Explain how an increase in temperature after snowfall increases the risk of flooding.This will cause the snow to melt, resulting in a rapid increase in the amount of water entering the river, increasing the flood risk.
  36. 36Explain how a long period of dry, hot weather increases the risk of flooding.This will cause the soil to become very hard so water cannot soak through it. As a result rainwater will run straight to the river, increasing the amount of water at one time, and so increasing the flood risk.
  37. 37Explain how river beds that have become silted up increase the risk of flooding.This makes the channel smaller and so there’s less room for water, which increases the chances of a flood.
  38. 38Explain how steep valley sides increase the risk of flooding.Rainwater quickly runs down the steep slopes, resulting in more water entering the river at one time, so increasing the chance of a flood.
  39. 39Explain how deforestation increases the risk of flooding.There is less interception of rainwater by the leaves, and less water is soaked up by roots. Therefore, water reaches the river more quickly increasing the chance of it flooding.
  40. 40Explain how building on the flood plain (urbanisation) increases the risk of flooding.Water is unable to soak through tarmac and so it runs straight to the river as surface run-off.
  41. 41Explain how farmers ploughing up and down slopes instead of around the hillside can increase the flood risk.The channels created by the plough allow rainwater to travel faster to the river, so the river receives more water at one time, increasing the risk of flooding.
  42. 42Explain how a bursting dam can increase the risk of flooding.Excess water will enter the river channel, causing the flooding of a large area.
  43. 43Give the three main reasons for why there is an increasing flood risk in the UK.Climate change, increasing population and changing land use.
  44. 44How is the River Dee an important economic resource for the area?94% of the River Dee’s catchment is rural, including forestry, sheep farming and pasture in the upper valley, and dairy farming, and arable farming in the lower valley.
  45. 45Give an example of how urbanisation has affected rivers, such as the River Dee.It has caused more flooding.
  46. 46Give an example of how Agriculture has affected rivers, such as the River Dee.Farmers are using more chemical fertilisers , which have an impact on the ecology of the river, causing algae bloom and water channels to become clogged with vegetation.
  47. 47Give an example of how industry has affected rivers, such as the River Dee.In the summer the River Dee’s natural flow does not provide enough water to meet the demand for industry and people. Growing demand in the 1960s led to a number of reservoirs being built to store water during the winter months.
  48. 48What is the difference between physical and human causes of flooding?Physical causes are natural, whereas human are man-made.
  49. 49Explain how heavy rainfall increases the risk of flooding.If there has been rain for a number of days then the ground becomes saturated. The water then flows straight into the rivers causing them to flood.
  50. 50Explain how impermeable rock increases the risk of flooding.Rainwater cannot soak through rock like granite so it will flow straight to the river as surface run-off.
  51. 51Explain how an increase in temperature after snowfall increases the risk of flooding.This will cause the snow to melt, resulting in a rapid increase in the amount of water entering the river, increasing the flood risk.
  52. 52Explain how a long period of dry, hot weather increases the risk of flooding.This will cause the soil to become very hard so water cannot soak through it. As a result rainwater will run straight to the river, increasing the amount of water at one time, and so increasing the flood risk.
  53. 53Explain how river beds that have become silted up increase the risk of flooding.This makes the channel smaller and so there’s less room for water, which increases the chances of a flood.
  54. 54Explain how steep valley sides increase the risk of flooding.Rainwater quickly runs down the steep slopes, resulting in more water entering the river at one time, so increasing the chance of a flood.
  55. 55Explain how deforestation increases the risk of flooding.There is less interception of rainwater by the leaves, and less water is soaked up by roots. Therefore, water reaches the river more quickly increasing the chance of it flooding.
  56. 56Explain how building on the flood plain (urbanisation) increases the risk of flooding.Water is unable to soak through tarmac and so it runs straight to the river as surface run-off.
  57. 57Explain how farmers ploughing up and down slopes instead of around the hillside can increase the flood risk.The channels created by the plough allow rainwater to travel faster to the river, so the river receives more water at one time, increasing the risk of flooding.
  58. 58Explain how a bursting dam can increase the risk of flooding.Excess water will enter the river channel, causing the flooding of a large area.
  59. 59Give the three main reasons for why there is an increasing flood risk in the UK.Climate change, increasing population and changing land use.

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FlashCards sobre rivers, criado por Summer Norris em 03-03-2022.
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Summer Norris
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