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Ella O'Sullivan Inglês 63 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (63)

  1. 11) Most developed countries are mainly found in which hemisphere?Northern Hemisphere
  2. 22) The highest GDP per capita are found in which countries?USA, UK, Australia and Japan
  3. 33) The lowest GDP per capita is concentrated where?Africa and poor Asian countries such as Afghanistan, Burma and Cambodia
  4. 44) Name one physical factor which has led to variations in global developmentClimate
  5. 55) Why are countries with an average rainfall and moderate temperature more developed?They are able to support their populations with the food they can produce.
  6. 66) Why have tropical countries grown more slowly?Certain diseases such as malaria, thrive in tropical climates, this makes people very weak and unable to work.
  7. 77) Name one economic factor which has led to variations in global developmentInfrastructure
  8. 88) How does infrastructure help a country to develop?If a country has good infrastructure (roads, railways, power supplies) companies want to invest in them because they know their goods will be produced and moved quickly.
  9. 99) Name one historic factor which has led to variations in global developmentColonies
  10. 1010) How have historical factors led to uneven global development?Colonies supplied food to the country that ’owned’ them. For example, India sent food and minerals to the UK. This hindered the development of the colony but aided the development of the ‘mother’ country
  11. 1111) Income in the UK is highest in which region?The South and East
  12. 1212) Which areas of the UK historically had large supplies of natural resources e.g. coal which helped development?Midlands, North and South Wales
  13. 1313) How has the relief of the land led to variations in the level of development of the UK?The south of the UK is flatter, this aids development as urban areas can be easily built upon. The north and west – Wales and Scotland are more mountainous making building urban areas and infrastructure more difficult to build, therefore opportunities for employment are limited, wages are lower and many jobs are seasonal.
  14. 1414) How have economic factors led to variations in the level of development within the UK?The infrastructure in the London area is the best in the country. All roads lead to the centre of London. Companies who locate there would be able to trade with the rest of the country easily.
  15. 1515) Areas that were once important for traditional heavy industry, such as shipbuilding in the North East and iron and steel making in South Wales, declined sharply in the second half of the 20th century. Why?Emerging countries, such as South Korea, Brazil, China and India were able to produce goods more cheaply than the UK. As a result, heavy industry moved away (de-industrialisation) from UK
  16. 1616) The government and parliament are in London, in the south east. How does this affect the level of development?This makes it a highly desirable location for business as they were close to where decisions were made and found out about them quickly. As a result, there are more jobs and greater levels of development.
  17. 171) As a country develops, what happens to the level of technology in the country?[x] It improves
  18. 182) How does using the internet impact on quality of life?[x] Using the internet results in increased connectivity with the rest of the world and a greater sharing of knowledge and ideas between people and companies, improving quality of life.
  19. 193) Improvements in technology in developing countries can bring great benefits. However, what does this require?[x] It requires investment and people with the necessary skills to operate it efficiently which many developing countries struggle with.
  20. 204) In developed countries, the majority of the population work in tertiary and quaternary industry. Why?[x] This is due to there being a greater demand for services such as education, health care and tourism, therefore more jobs created.
  21. 215) How does having the majority of the population employed in the tertiary and quaternary industry impact on quality of life?[x] As a result, people in developed countries have greater disposable income which they can spend on leisure services in their free time, improving quality of life.
  22. 226) In developing countries opportunities for employment are more limited. Which sectors do most people work in?[x] The primary and the informal sector
  23. 237) How does having the majority of people employed in the primary and the informal sector impact quality of life?[x] These jobs are generally low paid, temporary/part-time, lacking in benefits and job security, resulting in a low quality of life.
  24. 248) The less developed a country, the higher the number of people per doctor. Why?[x] Governments do not have the finances to support health care.
  25. 259) How does a low number of doctors affect quality of life?[x] As a result, developing countries have high rates of infant mortality, high death rates and low life expectancy
  26. 2610) As a country develops the number of doctors increases. Why?[x] Due to increases in levels of education
  27. 2711) As a result, what is the life expectancy, death rate and infant mortality rate like in developed countries?[x] They have high life expectancy, low death rate and low infant mortality rates.
  28. 2812) Literacy levels relate directly to the level of development in a country. The lower the country’s GDP, the lower the literacy rate. Why?[x] This is due to developing countries having less income to spend on education, therefore money available is targeted at universal primary industry, reducing the amount available for older students.
  29. 2913) In 2010, 76% of those aged 15 or over attend school in developing countries. What was the percentage in developed countries?[x] 94%
  30. 3014) How many people in developing countries cannot read and write?[x] 775 million
  31. 3115) How does not being able to read a write (a lack of education) impact on quality of life?[x] This impacts of future career opportunities; those with less qualifications will have less opportunities. People with the least education also have the largest families, which can result in debt and malnutrition.
  32. 3216) People on low income have limited access to adequate housing. What percentage of the world's urban population live in slums?[x] 30%
  33. 3317) How does living in a slum impact on your quality of life?[x] It has negative impact as they have no running water or electricity. Sewage often pollutes the water supply so diseases such as typhoid and cholera are an issue.
  34. 3418) As a country develops, it’s food and water supply becomes more secure. Why?[x] This is because it has the technology to improve the intensity of agricultural production and to provide water supplies. In developed countries, people live in houses with a fresh water supply and sanitation. Countries also have the money to buy in food it cannot produce enough itself.
  35. 3519) How does having food and water security impact in quality of life?[x] In addition to the value of saved human lives, other benefits include higher economic productivity, more education, and health-care savings
  36. 3620) Water scarcity can result in serious conflicts between neighbouring countries that share a drainage basin. How does this impact on quality of life?[x] This impacts on quality of life negatively as money will be spent on the conflict instead of development.
  37. 3721) How does this impact in quality of life?[x] This leads to diseases such as cholera, lowering life expectancy. In addition, it is normally the women and children, resulting in lower literacy rates and less women working.
  38. 3822) Poor countries often lack the ability to import food, innovate agriculture or invest in rural development. How does this impact quality of life?[x] As a result people are inadequately fed and suffer from malnutrition, affecting their ability to work
  39. 391) What is international aid?[x] Where the government of one country voluntarily transfers resources, such as money and goods, to another
  40. 402) International aid provides vital income for many poor countries, and helps reduce uneven global development. What can the aid be used for?[x] Pay for imports, e.g. machinery and oil, which are vital for development (foreign exchange gap). Support the accumulation of enough capital to invest in industry and infrastructure (savings gap). Address a shortage of the skills needed for development (technical gap)
  41. 413) What is bilateral aid?[x] Given directly by the government of one country to another. This could be conditional or tied aid, with conditions attached, often in the donor’s favour.
  42. 424) What is multilateral aid?[x] Given by governments to international organisations which use the money to assist programmes in poorer countries. E.g. The World Bank providing aid to Ecuador following the 2016 Earthquake.
    [ ] Given directly by the government of one country to another. This could be conditional or tied aid, with conditions
  43. 435) What is debt relief?[x] It reduces the repayments these countries have to make so there are more funds available to spend on healthcare,
    education and training improving the development of the country.
  44. 446) What is voluntary aid?[x] Organised by NGOs/charities such as Action Aid and Oxfam. They raise money through fund raising events, private
    donations and charity shops. This money usually fund bottom-up projects.
  45. 457) What is short- term aid?[x] Needed after sudden disasters, such as aid sent from the UK to Nepal following the 2015 earthquake.
  46. 468) What is long- term aid?[x] Involves providing local communities with education and skills for sustainable development, usually through organisations such as Practical Action.
  47. 479) What is meant by 'inter-governmental agreements?'[x] These are agreements made between two or more governments to cooperate in some way.
  48. 4810) Trade agreements are an inter-governmental agreement. How does trade reduce uneven development?[x] Trade agreements such as removing trade barriers can reduce uneven development by helping countries to increase trade, for example open trading between China and the EU.
  49. 4911) How does fair trade reduce uneven development?[x] Fair trade producers in developing countries work together to deal directly with retailers in developed countries, get
    fairer conditions and get a better price for their goods
  50. 50Foreign direct investment (FDI) is when a country/ company invests in a company in a different country, and has some control over what that company does. What advantages does this bring?control over what that company does. What advantages does this bring?
    [x] Advantages of FDI is that it brings in investment, especially from big brands which widens the consumer market. Foreign
    companies may be able to pay more which increases wages.
  51. 5113) What is a disadvantage of using FDI to reduce uneven development?[x] FDI is not always reliable as investors can pull out. A lack of regulation can also have negative implications, e.g.
    environmental consequences and industrial accidents.
  52. 5214) Social and economic grouping, such as the EU, are also an inter-governmental agreement. How does the EU aim to reduce uneven development within its members?[x] One aim of the EU was to promote trade between member countries, through the relaxation of protectionist policies, the free movement of labour and even the removal of exchange rates for Eurozone countries . It was believed that all member states would benefit through increased job creation and income.
  53. 5315) What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up development projects?x] Top-down happens through the actions of governments and TNCs (by FDI and choosing to relocate parts of their industry
    there), whereas bottom-up happens through the actions of NGOs working with local people.
  54. 5416) Compare the scale of top-down and bottom up development projects.x] Top-down are usually large scale projects (e.g. dams for HEP) whereas bottom-up are small scale (e.g. building a well in a
    village)
  55. 5517) Compare the aims of top-down and bottom-up projects.[x] Bottom-up often aim to improve the quality of life for the poorest and most vulnerable people in society, whereas topdown aim at national-level or regional-level development, solving large scale problems and improving the lives of lots of
    people.
  56. 5618) Which type of project is more expensive?[x] Top-down
  57. 5719) What type of technology is used in bottom-up projects?[x] Projects involve appropriate technology that local people can learn to operate and repair.
  58. 5820) What type of technology is used in top-down projects?[x] Often high-tech and energy intensive. The construction usually involves machinery and technology, which is often operated by skilled workers from developed countries.
  59. 5921) Identify an advantage of using top-down development projects to reduce uneven development.[x] Access to the world-leading experts and latest technology.
  60. 6022) Identify another advantage of using top-down development projects to reduce uneven development.x] Projects can result in an increase in the demand for labour during the construction phase and enable new skills to be
    learnt.
  61. 6123) Identify a disadvantage of using top-down development projects to reduce uneven development.x] High capital expenditure costs, which could lead to government debt and the diversion of spending from education and
    healthcare to pay off the debt. In some cases these debts have never been paid off
  62. 6224) Identify another disadvantage of using top-down development projects to reduce uneven development.[x] Funding can come with ‘ strings attached’, e.g. remove trade barriers. This means the country is under external influences for many years.
  63. 6325) Identify an advantage of using bottom-up development projects to reduce uneven development.[x] Locally available, cheap materials are used so the community isn't dependent on expensive imports.

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FlashCards sobre Sem título, criado por Ella O'Sullivan em 17-03-2022.
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