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- 1Anti-clericalismA Measure of Disrespect to the Clergy
- 2Pietismthe idea of a direct relationship between the individual and God
- 3SimonySelling church positions to the highest bidder
- 4HeresySaying bad things/disagreeing with Church
- 5indulgencesSold to get rid of sin
- 6PenancePunishment of Sins
- 7PurgatoryTemporary Hell
- 8PredestinationIdea from John Calvin that god predetermined your fate
- 9HuguenotsFrench Calvinists
- 10John Wycliffequestioned:
The worldly wealth of the Church.
The miracle of transubstantiation.
The teachings of penance.
The sale of indulgences
He translated the bible into English
Followers are the Lollards - 11Jan HussLed a religious revolt against the church and openly questioned the infallibility of the Church and the immorality of the clergy.
Hus was called before the Council of Constance in 1415 by Pope Martin V.
Found Guilty of Heresy and was burned at the stake - 12Martin LutherCatholic monk who was troubled by the sale of indulgences.
Horrified by indulgences, Luther nailed a list called the 95 Theses on a church door in Wittenberg in 1517.
The Theses were mostly attacks on the sale of indulgences.
The list was printed and spread all over Germany.
It was ignored by Pope Leo X.
Luther wrote 3 important texts:
Address to the Christian Nobility: Luther argued that secular governments had the right to reform the Church.
On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church: he attacked Church teachings, including the sacraments.
Liberty of a Christian Man: he developed the basic ideas of a new Church:
Grace is the sole gift of God.
One is saved by faith alone.
The Bible is the only source of that faith.
Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull and Luther burned it publicly and got excommunicated
1521: appeared in the Diet of Worms and Charles V asked him to recant and Luther refused. - 13Emporer Charles VCharles V was Holy Roman Emperor he struggled with:
Ruling a vast, multinational empire.
Extended wars with France and the powerful Ottoman Empire.
Unable to contain the religious revolt.
the Schmalkaldic War between Charles and some of the Protestant princes went poorly for him
In 1555, Charles was forced to sign the Peace of Augsburg.
It granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in territories ruled by a Lutheran prince. - 14John CalvinDeveloped his own Faith. His main ideas are found in his Institutes of the Christian Religion, and he turned Geneva into a new Jerusalem
Cornerstone of faith is predestination
Calvin preferred his followers to focus on correctly living in earthly matters.
Viewed wealth as a sign of gods favors
French calvinists were called huguenots
Calvinism saved the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century: while the spread of Lutheranism stalled, the Calvinist expansion stood to oppose the Catholic Church. - 15King Henry VIIISupported the Catholic Church
Wanted to end his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
Wanted a male heir and she wouldn't give him one
Wanted an annulment because divorce was illegal
Fallen in love with Ann Boleyn, part of the
court
Henry pushed Parliament to enact the Act in Restraint of Appeals.
It declared that all spiritual cases in England were within the King’s jurisdiction, not the popes.
Divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived
The English Reformation ended in 1534 with the Act of Supremacy, which declared the King of England as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. - 16Catherine of AragonSpanish Wife of King Henry and she couldn't give an heir
HEnry wanted to get an annulment - 17Anne BoleynCheated on Catherine and married King Henry in secret
- 18Edward VISon of Henry
- 19Queen Elizabeth 1Daughter of King Henry and ruled nicely
The golden age of England
Caused England to leave the church - 20Ignatius Of LoyolaIgnatius laid out his thoughts in his Spiritual Exercises, in particular his focus on total obedience to the Church.
The Jesuits earned a reputation for complete loyalty to the pope. - 21St. Teresa of AvilaSt. Teresa of Avila helped create a much stricter order of Carmelite monks/Nuns, the Discalced Carmelites.
- 22Ways Europe was changing in the 16th CenturyNew religions Printing press made lots of bibles
- 23Church Issues before the reformationPoorly educated priests
Anticlericalism was growing: a measure of disrespect toward the clergy.
Pietism was on the rise: the idea of a direct relationship between the individual and God, reducing the importance of the Church.
The Church also practiced simony: selling Church positions to the highest bidder.
Some clergy held multiple positions, making it difficult to minister to the people.
In England, John Wycliffe (1329-1384) questioned:
The worldly wealth of the Church.
The miracle of transubstantiation.
The teachings of penance.
The sale of indulgences - 24The 95 ThesesHorrified by indulgences, Luther nailed a list called the 95 Theses on a church door in Wittenberg in 1517.
The Theses were mostly attacks on the sale of indulgences.
The list was printed and spread all over Germany.
It was ignored by Pope Leo X. - 25The Diet of WormsIn 1521 Luther appeared before the Diet of Worms, a meeting of the German nobility.
The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, asked him to recant: Luther refused. - 26Luther's revolutionary IdeasHe reduced the Catholic’s seven sacraments to two: communion and baptism.
He rejected transubstantiation.
He ended monasticism and did away with the idea of celibacy for clergy. - 27Areas Protestantism Spread toWithin 3 decades of the 95 Theses, Protestantism had spread through much of northern Germany, Scandinavia, England, Scotland, the Netherlands, France, and Switzerland.
- 28German Peasant's revolt of 1525Peasants revolted because of worsening economic conditions and because they believed Luther had called for social equality.
- 29Schmalkaldic WarWar because Charles V wanted the religious revolt to stop
- 30Peace of AugsburgIt granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in territories ruled by a Lutheran prince.
Catholic princes were ensured their territory could remain Catholic. - 31The Anabaptistsdenied infant baptism believed that baptism only works for adults so they are aware they made rebaptism but it was to be a capital defense in holy roman empire. took over munster in 1534 made old test. for theocracy then scattered when taken
- 32act in restraint of appealspushed parliament to enact a act and it declares everything was in the kings jurisdiction
- 33act of supremecythis ended english reformation in 1534 declared the king of england supreme head of church of england then henry closed all catholic monastaries and took their land
- 34the index of prohibited booksdeclares heretical works such as texts from the authors erasmus & galileo
- 35the inquisitionfought heresy in catholic lands using torture to force confessions/ executed
- 36the council of trentthe church addressed issues and placed limits on simony mandated a siminary in every diocese so priests could get educated looked for more fixes than refused and strongly stick by the sacraments rules of the priests life of good works and faith church did not like mannerist art so baroque art was made
- 37baroque style of artmade to counter protestants styles (contrast, movement, detail, deep colors, and grandeur to achieve awe.
- 38the society of jesusfollowers of ignatius of loyola said they were teaching order catholic missionaries where lutheranism spread reconverting lots in poland to catholic faith.
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