Flashcards
Final Language Development Exam
Flashcards do conjunto (85)
- 1Five Areas of LanguagePhonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics
- 2What is a Morpheme?Smallest units of language that carry meaning
- 3PhonemeSmallest unit of sound in a language
(Ex: cat=3, cats=4, sheep=3) - 4Free Morphemepart of the word that can stand alone
(Ex: cat, happy, play,easy) - 5Bound Morphemepart of the word that can not stand alone
(Ex: cats (s), unhappy (un), played (ed), easiest (iest)) - 6Derivational Morphemechange the word meaning
(Ex: Unhappy, easiest) - 7Grammatical/ Inflectional Morphemesadd grammatical information
(ex: Cats, played) - 8Linguistic Feedbackinvolves speaking, as in "I totally agree"
- 9Paralinguistic Feedbackfeedback refers to the use of eye contact, facial expressions, and posture to convey information in a conversation.
- 10Nonlinguistic Feedbacknot involving language
- 11What is Phonological Awareness?Refers to the conscious awareness of the sound structure of words
- 12What does MLU measure?The mean number of morphemes per utterance
- 13What is child-directed speech?refers to the talk directed to children by others
- 14What is lead in and follow in?Lead-in: an adult labels and object or even outside the child's attentional focus
Follow-in: an adult labels an object or event that is currently the child's attentional focus - 15Intentintention or purpose
- 16Intentionality Hypothesischildren's experiences using language to engage with other people fosters their development of form and content
- 17Joint Attentionwhen the infant and care giver have focused attention on a mutual object. The infant has to correspond attention between the object and the caregiver. This is important becuase it helps with conversational and semantic development.
- 18Protoconversationsis/are an interaction between a caregiver and and a child before the child uses real words in language. It imitates an adult-like conversational exchange.
- 19What makes up the central nervous system?The brain and the spinal cord
- 20Peripheral Nervous Systemconsists of the nerves that emerge from the brain and spinal cord to innervate
(“to supply nerves”) the rest
of the body - 21Function of Broca's Areaarea helps with the coordination of speech output. Clients with damage to this area will have difficulty expressing there thoughts in fluent manner and will have many filler words (um) and repairs.
- 22Function of Wernicke's areaarea in the temporal lobe is important for language comprehension.
- 23Theory of MindThe ability to put yourself in another persons shoes
- 24Prelinguistic SkillsSkills an infant acquires before they use real words
- 25What are paralinguistic features?accent, pitch, volume, speech rate, modulation, and fluency
- 26What are paralinguistic features during infant directed speech?slower temp, exaggerated pitch contours, and higher pitch
- 27When do babies say their first words?Around 12 months
- 28Refkexive Vocalizations-Sounds that occur at 2 weeks old
-Sounds of discomfort, distress, and vegetative sounds - 29Cooing(1-4 months)
-Vowel-like sounds
-Combine vowel-like segments with consonant-like segments - 30Marginalized BabblingConsonant-like and vowel like sounds
- 31Canonical Babblingmore than two consonant vowel syllables in a sequence
- 32Reduplicated BabblingRepeating the same cononant vowel pairs (da da da, ba ba ba)
- 33NonReduplicated BabblingDifferent/ changing consonant vowel combination (da ba ma ga)
- 34JargonType of babbling that contains at least two syllables and two different consonants and vowels, and it is produced with varied stress or intonation
- 35What are the seven characteristics of caregiver responsiveness?1. Waiting and listening
2. Following the child's lead
3. Joining in and playing
4. Being face to face
5. Using a variety of questions and labels
6. Encouraging turn taking
7. Expanding and extending - 36Receptive Languagelanguage that is comprehended
- 37Expressive LanguageLanguage that is produced spontaneously
- 38Do one year olds have a higher expressive or receptive language?Higher receptive language
- 39What three factors make a baby's first word a true first word?1. Consistency
2. Recognizability
3. Clear intention - 40What ages is toddlerhood?1-3 years old
- 41Deictic Gesturesmeanings depend on context (such as pointing, showing, giving)
- 42Referential GesturesHave a precise referent and meaning that is stable across contexts
- 43Phonological Processespatterns of sound errors that typically developing children use to simplify speech as they are learning to talk
- 44Reduplicatingstresses syllable in a word: water becomes "wa-wa"
- 45Cluster ReductionRemoving a portion of a consonant cluster
(Strong becomes "stong") - 46Final-Consonant Deletioncat becomes "ca"
- 47Weak-syllable deletionbanana becomes "nana"
- 48SChildren change one sound, so it takes on the features of another sound in the same syllable
- 49Velar Assimilationdog becomes "gog"
- 50Nasal Assimilationcandy becomes "nanny"
- 51What marks the true beginning of syntax?The two word stage
- 52What is the purpose of a language sampleAllows an SLP to analyze a person’s language and compare the results to age-matched peers
- 53How would you conduct a language sample (strategies, conversation ideas)?1. Establish rapport
2. Introduce any recording equipment
3. Explain what you’ll be doing/purpose
4. Vary the subject matter and use multiple environments as possible
5. Model topics of responses if necessary - 54What does MLU measure?Syntactic complexity
- 55How to calculate a child’s chronological ageToday’s date - birth date = chronological age
- 56What are the strategies to maintain an interaction for a language sample?1. Be enthusiastic
2. Be patient
3. Listen and take the child’s lead
4.Show genuine interest in the conversation
5. Treat the conversation like an adult conversation
6. Keep the child’s perspective in mind and adapt language to the child’s needs - 57What is the age of a preschooler?3-5 years old
- 58Contextualized textLanguage relies on the present situation or the here and now to construct meaning
- 59Decontextualized textRelies heavily on the language itself in the construction of meaning
- 60Metalinguistic Abilityability to view language as an object of attention
- 61Why is metalinguistic ability important?- Checks the result of own utterance
- Checks if the listener understood; if not, repair/try again
- Comments explicitly on own utterances and those of others
- Corrects others - 62What are the three important achievements in Emergent Literacy?1. Alphabet knowledge
2. Print Awareness
3. Phonological Awareness - 63Phonological AwarenessSensitivity to the sound structure of words
- 64Examples of Phonological AwarenessSyllable awareness, word awareness, rhyme awareness, onset awareness, phoneme identity, phoneme blending, phoneme segmentation, phoneme counting, phoneme manipulation
- 65What are some of the last sounds developed?Possessive 's
- 66Fast Mappingwhen children acquire a general representation of a new word in as little as a single exposure
- 67Effects of peers and siblings-Preschoolers with more than three siblings tend to have smaller receptive vocabularies
- Preschoolers with an older sibling who is attuned to the preschooler's language abilities and adjusts his/her own language do not exhibit lower receptive vocabularies - 68What are the five stages after prereading stage:1. Initial rerading (decoding) stage
2. Confirmation,fluency, and ungluing from print
3. Reading to learn the new
4. Multiple viewpoints
5. Construction and reconstruction - 69Direct Instructionlearn directly
- 70Contextual abstractionusing context clues in spoken and written forms to determine meanings of unfamiliar words
- 71Recountstelling a story about personal experiences or retelling a story that has been heard or read
- 72Accountsspontaneous personal narratives
- 73Event castsdescribe a situation as it happens
- 74Fictionalized storiesinvented narratives
- 75Language Disordermost prevalent type of communication impairment affecting children
- 76Common signs of a language disorder in preschool-omission of grammatical inflections
-Difficulty with pronouns
-Shorter MLU
-Problems forming questions with inverted auxiliaries
-Requests sound immature
-Problems with group conversation and initiating
-Problems with oral resolutions of conflicts
-Longer reliance on gestures
-Difficulty comprehending instructions and narratives - 77Common signs of language disorder in elementary grades-Word-retrieval difficulty
-Naming errors
-Slower processing speed in language comprehension
-Trouble with indirect requests
-Difficulty with conversational discourse
-Struggle with figurative, nonliteral, and abstract language
-Problems providing sufficient information
-Poor narrative cohesion
-Struggle to request help or clarification - 78Common signs of language disorders in adolescence- Difficulty expressing thoughts, needs, and ideas
-Inappropriate responses
-Problems providing sufficient information
-Immature conversational participation
-Difficulty requesting help or clarification
-Difficulty providing details
-Organizational difficulties in oral and written contexts
-Word-retrieval difficulties
-Delays in responding - 79What are the four major areas of difficulty with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?1. Difficulty with social-emotional reciprocity
2. Difficulty with nonverbal communicative behaviors
3. Difficulty developing and maintaining relationships with others
4. Restrictive and repetitive patterns of behavior and interest - 80What are characteristics of an intellectual disability?-Diagosed in children younger than age 18 who meet two criteria:
1. Significant limitations in intellectual functioning
2. Significant limitations in adaptive behavior
-Ranges from mild to profound
-Most children with ID have at least mild language impairment - 81What is a TBI?Traumatic Brain Injury
- 82What are common causes of TBI?Abuse, Intentional harm, Accidental poisoning, car accidents, and falls
- 83The impact of hearing loss can have on a child's language development depends on...-Timing of the loss
-Severity of the loss
-Age of identification
-Exposure to language input - 84Accentsdiffer only with pronunciations
- 85Dialectsdiffer with pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar
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- FlashCards sobre Final Language Development Exam, criado por Aly Allen em 02-05-2023.
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