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Flashcards do conjunto (25)
- 1CapacityAmount of material that can be kept in a memory store.
- 2DurationLength of time material can be kept in a memory store.
- 3EncodingThe process of converting information from one form ('code') to another so it can be stored in the various memory stores and passed between them.
- 4Long-term memory (LTM)Permenent memory store with practically unlimited capacity, storing memories for up to a lifetime. Encoding is mainly semantic (meaning).
- 5Sensory memory (SM)Memory stores for each of our five senses, e.g. vision (iconic store) and hearing (echoic store). Encoding in the iconic store is visual and in the echoic store is acoustic. Capacity is huge but duration is brief.
- 6Short-term memory (STM)Limited-capacity memory store. Encoding is mainly acoustic (sounds), capacity is between 5 and 9 items, duration is up to 30 seconds without rehearsal.
- 7CueA 'trigger' that allows us to access material in memory. Cues can be meaningfully linked to the material, (e.g. mnemonics) or can be indirectly linked by being encoded at the time of learning (e.g., external context and internal state).
- 8RecallIn free recall the individual generates information without a cue. In cued recall, a cue assists retrieval of information.
- 9RecognitionA form of memory retrieval where you identify something based on previous experience.
- 10RememberingThe activity of retrieving information from a memory store.
- 11ConfabulationWhen details are added to a memory to fill in the 'gaps', to make recall meaningful.
- 12RationalisationWhen parts of a memory are distorted to fit your schema, to make the memory meaningful.
- 13Reconstructive memoryPieces of stored information are reassembled during recall. The process is guided by our schema so that we produce a 'memory' that makes sense (even if it is inaccurate).
- 14SchemaMental frameworks of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. They are developed from experience.
- 15ShorteningWhen part of a memory is left out, so what remains is shorter.
- 16Associative primingWe process a stimulus more quickly (or recall it more easily) because we earlier encountered a stimulus that is often paired with it.
- 17Cognitive primingWe process a stimulus (word, image, object, etc.) more quickly when we see or hear the stimulus (or a related one) first (the 'prime).
- 18Repetition primingWe process a stimulus more quickly (or recall it more easily) because we encountered it earlier.
- 19Semantic primingWe process a stimulus more quickly (or recall it more easily) because we earlier encountered a stimulus related to it in meaning (semantics = meaning).
- 20Cognitive scriptsInformation stored in memory that describes the behaviours typical in a given situation. They are automatically retrieved to guide our behaviour. They are also known as memory scripts.
- 21Person perceptionInformation stored in memory about which personality characteristics often go together, which guides our impressions of other people.
- 22Cognitive biasesErrors in how we process information, which affect our attention, memory and decision-making.
- 23Confirmation biasWe pay more attention to (and recall more easily) information that supports our existing beliefs. We may seek it out and ignore contradictory information.
- 24Fundamental attribution errorIn explaining the reasons for other people's behaviours, we focus on their personal characteristics and overlook the role of the situation.
- 25Hostile attribution biasA tendency to assume that someone else's behaviour has an aggressive or antagonistic motive when it is actually neutral.
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- FlashCards sobre Sem título, criado por Nicole Moore em 06-07-2024.
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- Nicole Moore
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