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- 1InfectionThe invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in the body, which can cause harm or disease.
- 2DiseaseA condition that results from the disruption of normal body functions due to infection, genetics, or other factors.
- 3SignObjective evidence of disease that can be observed or measured by others (e.g., fever, rash).
- 4SymptomSubjective evidence of disease experienced by the patient, such as pain or fatigue.
- 5NoninfectiousDiseases not caused by pathogens (e.g., genetic disorders, environmental conditions).
- 6InfectiousDiseases caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
- 7CommunicableDiseases that can be transmitted from one person to another.
- 8ContagiousDiseases that spread easily from person to person, typically by direct contact or respiratory droplets.
- 9NoncommunicableDiseases that cannot be transmitted from person to person (e.g., genetic diseases).
- 10ZoonosesDiseases that are transmitted from animals to humans.
- 11Nosocomial infectionAn infection acquired in a healthcare setting, such as a hospital.
- 12Latrogenic infectionAn infection caused as a result of medical treatment or procedures.
- 13Acute diseaseA disease that develops quickly and has severe symptoms, but lasts for a short duration.
- 14Chronic diseaseA disease that develops slowly and persists for a long period, often for life.
- 15Latent diseaseA disease that remains dormant in the body but can become active later, such as herpes.
- 16Incubation periodThe period between exposure to a pathogen and the appearance of symptoms.
- 17Prodromal periodThe early stage of an infection, where mild symptoms begin to appear before the full illness develops.
- 18Period of illnessThe phase in which the symptoms of a disease are most severe.
- 19Period of declineThe stage where symptoms begin to subside, and the body starts to recover from the infection.
- 20Period of convalescenceThe recovery phase after an infection, where the body heals and regains strength.
- 21Koch’s postulatesA set of criteria used to establish the causative agent of a disease, including isolating the pathogen from a sick host.
- 22VirulenceThe degree of pathogenicity or the ability of a pathogen to cause disease.
- 23LD50The dose of a pathogen that kills 50% of a test population.
- 24Primary pathogenA microorganism that can cause disease in a healthy host.
- 25Opportunistic pathogenA microorganism that causes disease in a host with a weakened immune system.
- 26Resident microbiotaMicroorganisms that normally reside in and on the body without causing harm.
- 27Local infectionAn infection confined to a specific area of the body.
- 28Focal infectionAn infection that begins locally but spreads to other parts of the body.
- 29Systemic infectionAn infection that spreads throughout the body via the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
- 30Primary infectionThe initial infection that occurs in an otherwise healthy host.
- 31Secondary infectionAn infection that occurs after the primary infection, often due to weakened immunity.
- 32Portal of entryThe site through which a pathogen enters the body (e.g., respiratory tract, skin).
- 33Portal of exitThe route through which a pathogen leaves the body (e.g., saliva, urine).
- 34ExposureThe state of being in contact with a pathogen that could lead to infection
- 35AdhesionThe process by which pathogens attach to host cells or tissues, often facilitated by adhesion molecules.
- 36InvasionThe process by which pathogens enter and spread within host tissues.
- 37InfectionThe process by which pathogens invade the body and cause harm.
- 38TransmissionThe process by which pathogens are transferred from one host to another.
- 39Virulence factorMolecules produced by pathogens that contribute to their ability to cause disease.
- 40ExoenzymeEnzymes secreted by pathogens that help them invade host tissues.
- 41EndotoxinA toxic component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which can trigger strong immune responses.
- 42Antigenic variationThe ability of a pathogen to alter its surface antigens to evade immune detection.
- 43EpidemiologyThe study of how diseases spread and affect populations.
- 44MorbidityThe incidence or prevalence of disease in a population.
- 45IncidenceThe number of new cases of a disease in a population during a specific period.
- 46PrevalenceThe total number of cases (new and existing) of a disease in a population at a given time.
- 47Sporadic diseasesDiseases that occur infrequently and irregularly in a population.
- 48Endemic diseasesDiseases that are consistently present in a population within a specific geographic area.
- 49Epidemic diseasesDiseases that occur in a sudden, widespread manner in a population.
- 50Pandemic diseasesDiseases that occur over a wide geographic area, often worldwide.
- 51CDCThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a national public health institute in the United States.
- 52Notifiable diseasesDiseases that are required by law to be reported to health authorities.
- 53ReservoirA habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, often a human or animal.
- 54Direct transmissionThe transfer of pathogens through physical contact between an infected person and a susceptible individual.
- 55Indirect transmissionThe transfer of pathogens through an intermediary, such as a contaminated surface or object.
- 56VectorAn organism, often an insect, that transmits pathogens from one host to another.
- 57MechanicalA type of vector transmission where the pathogen is carried on the outside of the vector’s body.
- 58BiologicalA type of vector transmission where the pathogen lives and multiplies within the vector.
- 59Vehicle transmissionThe transfer of pathogens through a medium such as food, water, or air.
- 60WHOThe World Health Organization, a global health agency responsible for international public health.
- 61Emerging diseasesNew or re-emerging diseases that have recently increased in incidence or geographic range.
- 62Innate immunityThe body's first line of defense against pathogens, non-specific and present from birth.
- 63Chemical defensesSubstances produced by the body (e.g., acids, enzymes) that prevent pathogen entry or kill pathogens.
- 64Chemical mediatorsSubstances involved in the immune response that influence inflammation, fever, and immune cell recruitment.
- 65Antimicrobial peptidesSmall proteins that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
- 66Complement systemA group of proteins in the blood that assist in destroying pathogens, enhancing immune responses.
- 67OpsonizationThe process where pathogens are coated with molecules to enhance their recognition and phagocytosis by immune cells.
- 68Membrane attack complexA structure formed by the complement system that creates pores in pathogen membranes, leading to cell lysis.
- 69CytokinesSignaling molecules produced by immune cells that regulate immune responses.
- 70HistamineA chemical released by mast cells during an allergic response or inflammation that dilates blood vessels.
- 71ProstaglandinsLipid compounds that have diverse roles in inflammation and immune response.
- 72Formed elementsComponents of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
- 73LeukocytesWhite blood cells involved in immune defense.
- 74GranulocytesA group of white blood cells with granules in their cytoplasm, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
- 75NeutrophilsWhite blood cells that are the first responders to infection and primarily target bacteria.
- 76EosinophilsWhite blood cells involved in fighting parasitic infections and modulating allergic responses.
- 77BasophilsWhite blood cells that release histamine and other chemicals during inflammatory reactions.
- 78Mast cellsCells that release histamine and other substances during inflammatory responses, often involved in allergic reactions.
- 79Natural killer cellsImmune cells that target and destroy infected or cancerous cells.
- 80MonocytesWhite blood cells that differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells in tissues.
- 81MacrophagesLarge immune cells that engulf and digest pathogens and dead cells.
- 82Dendritic cellsImmune cells that capture and present antigens to initiate adaptive immune responses.
- 83ThrombocytesPlatelets, involved in blood clotting and wound repair.
- 84HematopoiesisThe process of blood cell formation, occurring in the bone marrow.
- 85Pathogen-associated molecular patternsMolecules associated with pathogens that are recognized by the immune system.
- 86Pattern recognition receptorsReceptors on immune cells that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
- 87Toll-like receptorsA class of pattern recognition receptors involved in detecting microbial components.
- 88Transendothelial migrationThe process by which immune cells move through blood vessel walls to reach sites of infection.
- 89PhagocytosisThe process by which immune cells engulf and digest pathogens or debris.
- 90InflammationA protective immune response to infection or injury, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
- 91AcuteA rapid, short-term inflammatory response to injury or infection.
- 92ChronicLong-lasting inflammation that can result in tissue damage.
- 93ErythemaRedness of the skin caused by increased blood flow due to inflammation.
- 94EdemaSwelling caused by the accumulation of fluid in tissues during inflammation.
- 95FeverAn elevated body temperature as part of the immune response to infection, often caused by cytokines.
- 96Adaptive immunityThe body's immune response that is specific to a particular pathogen and develops over time.
- 97MemoryThe ability of the immune system to "remember" a pathogen and respond more rapidly upon subsequent exposures.
- 98SpecificityThe ability of the immune system to target a particular pathogen while ignoring others.
- 99Primary responseThe initial immune response when the body is exposed to a pathogen for the first time.
- 100Secondary responseA faster and stronger immune response upon re-exposure to a previously encountered pathogen.
- 101Humoral immunityImmunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells.
- 102Cellular immunityImmunity mediated by T cells that destroy infected cells directly.
- 103Antigen/immunogenA molecule that triggers an immune response, often recognized as foreign by the immune system.
- 104EpitopeThe specific part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system.
- 105Antibody/immunoglobulinsProteins produced by B cells that bind to and neutralize antigens.
- 106Major histocompatibility complexMolecules on cell surfaces that present antigens to T cells to initiate immune responses.
- 107MHC IMolecules found on the surface of all nucleated cells that present intracellular antigens to cytotoxic T cells.
- 108MHC IIMolecules found on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that present extracellular antigens to helper T cells.
- 109Antigen-presenting cellA cell that processes and presents antigens to T cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages.
- 110Cross presentationA process by which antigen-presenting cells present extracellular antigens on MHC I molecules to activate cytotoxic T cells.
- 111Thymic selectionThe process by which T cells are selected in the thymus based on their ability to recognize self and non-self antigens.
- 112Central toleranceThe process by which immune cells that react against self-antigens are eliminated during their development.
- 113Peripheral toleranceMechanisms that prevent immune cells from attacking self after they leave the thymus or bone marrow.
- 114Helper T cellA type of T cell that assists in activating B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
- 115Cytotoxic T cellA type of T cell that directly kills infected cells.
- 116Regulatory T cellA type of T cell that suppresses immune responses to maintain tolerance and prevent autoimmune disease.
- 117Perforin & granzymesProteins released by cytotoxic T cells to induce apoptosis in infected cells.
- 118SuperantigenA class of antigens that cause excessive activation of T cells, leading to a strong immune response.
- 119Cytokine stormAn excessive immune response where high levels of cytokines are released, causing tissue damage and organ failure.
- 120B cellA type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies in response to antigen exposure.
- 121Plasma cellA differentiated B cell that produces large amounts of antibodies.
- 122Memory B cellA long-lived B cell that "remembers" a specific pathogen for faster responses in future infections.
- 123Natural active immunityImmunity acquired after exposure to a pathogen, resulting in the production of antibodies.
- 124Natural passive immunityImmunity acquired from another individual, such as from mother to infant via breast milk or placenta.
- 125Artificial passive immunityImmunity provided by the injection of antibodies from another individual or animal.
- 126Artificial active immunityImmunity acquired through vaccination, which stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies.
- 127VaccinationThe administration of a vaccine to stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens.
- 128Herd immunityProtection from disease in a population due to a large percentage of individuals being immune, either through vaccination or prior infection.
- 129Live attenuated vaccineA vaccine containing weakened pathogens that can still replicate but do not cause disease.
- 130Inactivated vaccineA vaccine containing pathogens that have been killed or inactivated so they cannot replicate.
- 131CHAPTER 15CHAPTER 16
- 132CHAPTER 17CHAPTER 18
- 133JOHN CULVER
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