Flashcards
Informal Fallacies
Flashcards do conjunto (24)
- 1Formal FallacyAn error in reasoning that involves the explicit use of an invalid form
- 2Informal FallacyAn error in reasoning that does not involve the explicit use of an invalid form
- 3Argument Against the Person (Irrelevance)Premises: Instead of providing a rational critique of a statement (or argument), attack the person who advances it
Conclusion: The statement is false or dubious - 4Abusive Ad Hominem (Argument Against the Person)Direct personal attack on the opponent
- 5Circumstantial Ad Hominem (Argument Against the Person)Attempts to discredit by calling attention to the circumstances or situation of the opponent
- 6Tu Quoque (Argument Against the Person)Charges the opponent with hypocrisy or inconsistency
- 7Straw Man Fallacy (Irrelevance)Premises: A misrepresentation of the view is false
Conclusion: The view itself is false - 8Appeal to Force (Irrelevance)Premises: You can avoid harm by accepting this statement
Conclusion: This statement is true - 9Appeal to the People (Irrelevance)Premises: You will be accepted or valued if you believe this statement
Conclusion: The statement is true - 10Appeal to Pity (Irrelevance)Premises: You have reason to pity this person (or group)
Conclusion: You should do X for the benefit of this person (or group), although doing X is not called for logically by the reason given - 11Appeal to Ignorance (Irrelevance)Premises: This statement has not been proven true
Conclusion: This statement is false
Premises: This statement has not been proven false
Conclusion: This statement is true - 12Red Herring Fallacy (Irrelevance)Premises: Something relevant to the topic at hand is described
Conclusion: A distracting but often unnoticed change of subject occurs - 13Equivocation (Ambiguity)Premises: Contain a key word (or phrase) that is ambiguous
Conclusion: Is reached not by valid logical inference but by trading on the ambiguity of the key word (or phrase) - 14Amphiboly (Ambiguity)Premises: Contain a sentence that is ambiguous due to faulty structure (e.g. grammar or punctuation)
Conclusion: Is reached not by valid logical inference but by trading on the structural ambiguity - 15Composition (Ambiguity)Premises: The parts (or members) have attribute X
Conclusion: The whole (or group) has attribute X - 16Division (Ambiguity)Premises: The whole (or group) has attribute X
Conclusion: The parts (or members) have attribute X - 17Begging the Question (Unwarranted Assumptions)Assuming the point to be proved (the premises are similar in content to the conclusion but not better known than the conclusion)
- 18False Dilemma (Unwarranted Assumptions)Using a premise that unjustifiably reduces the number of alternatives to be considered
- 19Appeal to Unreliable Authority (Unwarranted Assumptions)Appealing to an authority when the reliability of the authority may reasonably de doubted (the arguer assumes, without sufficient warrant, that the authority in question is reliable)
- 20False Cause FallacyIllegitimately assuming that one possible cause of a phenomenon is a (or the) cause although reasons are lacking for excluding other possible causes
- 21Fallacy of Complex QuestionAsking a question that illegitimately presupposes some conclusion alluded to in the question
- 22Fallacies of IrrelevanceInvolve the use of premises that are logically irrelevant to their conclusions
- 23Fallacies of AmbiguityArguments that are flawed because they contain ambiguous words, phrases or statements or because they involve a subtle confusion between two closely related concepts
- 24Fallacies Involving Unwarranted AssumptionsError in reasoning where the arguer makes an unwarranted assumption which is one that stands in need of support
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- FlashCards sobre Informal Fallacies, criado por joebeadle em 06-01-2016.
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- joebeadle
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