Logic and Formal Reasoning

What the page covers

The resources run from the basics of argument to formal systems. The mind map Propositional Logic sets out connectives such as and, or, not, implies and iff. The slide set Tableaux for PY2010 Intermediate Logic moves on to classical predicate logic, modal logic and many-valued logics. There are also resources on syllogisms, the square of opposition, tautology, contradiction and contingency, and methods of proof.

Arguments and fallacies

A large share of the page deals with spotting weak reasoning. The notes Common Fallacies in Reasoning start with faulty cause, which mistakes correlation for causation. The mind map 3 Basic Fallacies offers a checklist and a counterexample test. The mind map INDUCTIVE ARG. asks whether a sample is too small or a premise unjustified.

Where to start

1. Open the mind maps ARGUMENTS and Propositional Logic for the core vocabulary.
2. Run through the flashcard decks Logic Terminology and Logic: Definitions until premise, conclusion, valid and consistent feel familiar.
3. Try the quiz Evaluating arguments, which asks whether an argument is deductive or inductive.
4. Move to the quiz Philosophy of Logic: GPL tree rules for formal practice.

Using quizzes and maps together

Read a map first, then take a quiz on the same topic. Note each question you miss and go back to the matching map branch or flashcard deck. For fallacies, pair the notes with a fallacy quiz and try to name the pattern before checking the answer.

Candidates preparing for the LSAT will find the notes LSAT Prep Lecture I Intro to Arguments: Premise & Conclusion and a mind map on LR question types.

Where it sits

This unit belongs to the strand Introduction to Philosophy and Reasoning in Philosophy. It suits anyone who needs a clear grip on how arguments work before moving on to wider philosophical questions. Choose one map and one quiz today, then add your own flashcards for the terms that trip you up.