Flashcards
Cattle Costings
Flashcards do conjunto (69)
- 1How is yield per cow in milk per day calculated?Milk produced/ average cows in milk/ days in month
- 2What is milk produced?Milk sold + milk retained for calves + unsaleable milk (antibiotic)
- 3How is average cows in milk calculated over a month period?(Cows in milk at start of month + cows in milk at end of month) / 2
- 4How is yield from forage calculated?Total litres produced - litres produced from purchased feeds
The concentration is based on the energy content of each purchased feed - 5How is yield from grazing calculated?Total litres from forage - litres produced from silages
The calculation is based on the energy content and dry matter of each conserved forage - 6How is concentrate use per cow in milk per day calculated?Kilograms of concentrate/ average cows in milk/ days in month
- 7What are concentrates?Compound feeds and straights such as rape meal, beet pulp or soya
- 8What are other purchased feeds?Bulk feeds such as brewer's grain or citrus pulp, liquid feeds such as molasses and supplement feeds such as minerals or yeast
- 9What is Margin Over Purchased Feed?Milk income - purchased feed cost
- 10How can Margin Over Purchased Feed be given as a measurement?Per herd
Per cow
Per litre - 11How is the dairy industry expected to change in the future?Fewer herds
Larger herds on average
Higher yielding cows - 12Why is milk from forage a useful measurement?Way of measuring feed efficiency because it does not include energy provided in concentrates to increase milk yield
- 13What has caused a drop in milk price?National over-supply
- 14What is a milk quota?EU requirement preventing too much milk production
Recently lifted so other countries are producing more milk
Increased supply and import means UK prices fall - 15What is a supermarket 'cost of production' contract?Guarantee to pay farmers at least the amount of money required to produce the milk, which is usually approximately 27 p per litre
- 16What proportion of cost of production is made up of vet's bills?1.1 p per litre
Approximately 4% - 17Which 3 factors introduce high volatility into the dairy industry?Milk prices
Concentrate costs
Feed wheat costs - 18How can farmers minimise some of the volatility in concentrate and feed wheat costs?Forward buying concentrates
- 19What are internal factors?Factors under the farmer's control
- 20Give 5 examples of internal factorsLabour
Feed and forage
Health, fertility and replacement costs
Seasonality of production
Economies of scale - 21Why can seasonality of production be disadvantageous to an enterprise?On grass-based systems there is a milk flush in Spring and as a consequence the milk usually fetches a lower price per litre
- 22Give 4 examples of how farmers can improve profitability through economies of scaleExpansion e.g. joint venture
Cooperative buying/selling
Machinery share
Labour ring - 23Give 4 benefits of record-keeping costings to vetsImprove quality of advice
Allow more targeted action
Better herd performance
More loyalty from customer - 24Give 4 issues with record-keeping of costings for vetsPersuading client to keep them
Quality of records - if they are inaccurate action cannot be taken
Access to records
Limited time to analyse records - 25Give the 5 steps by which costings improve profitabilityKnow costs
Compare to others - 'benchmarking'
Plan way forward
Make physical changes
Monitor, progress and adapt - 26What is covered by Margin Over Purchased Feed?Milk income and purchased feed (30-40% of costs) - most variable aspects of the business
- 27What is the frequency of Margin Over Purchased Feed costings?Monthly
- 28Give an advantage of Margin Over Purchased FeedQuick and easy to allow regular monitoring
- 29Give a disadvantage of Margin Over Purchased FeedNot a full enterprise analysis so does not provide all details of the business
- 30What does Gross Margin cover?All income and variable costs
- 31What is the frequency of Gross Margin costings?Varies
- 32Give an advantage of Gross Margin costingsFurther costs analysed
- 33Give a disadvantage of Gross Margin costingsNot a full enterprise analysis
- 34What is covered by Full Costs and Profit costings?All income
All costs including fixed costs - 35What is the frequency of Full Costs and Profit analysis?Annual
- 36Give an advantage of Full Costs and Profit analysisFull enterprise analysis
- 37Give 2 disadvantages of Full Costs and Profit costingsFixed costs can be difficult to allocate to the dairy enterprise e.g. if beef cattle are run on the same land
Can be a time delay - 38Give 4 sources of income to a dairy enterpriseMilk sales
Calf sales
Cow sales
Other income (e.g. renting out land) - 39Give 7 examples of variable costs in the dairy industryFeed
Bedding
Fertiliser
Seeds
Veterinary and medication
AI
Recording - 40Give 5 examples of fixed costs in the dairy industryLabour
Power and machinery
Water
Office and professional fees
Rent - 41Define variable costVaries with size of enterprise and is easy to allocate to the dairy enterprise when other enterprises are present on the land
- 42Define fixed costsAlso known as overheads, do not change in direct proportion to the size of the enterprise
- 43What is meant by marginal analysis?Analysis of financial return for specific inputs such as purchased feed
- 44What is an advantage of Margin Over Purchased Feed for vets?Can be used for preventative herd health measured by highlighting any underlying issues with the performance of the herd
- 45Why is regular analysis of milk quality important?Maximising milk price for farmers on composition contracts
- 46How can Other Purchased Feeds be compared?Adjusted to a concentrate equivalent dry matter (usually 86% dry matter)
- 47Which units can be used for proportional analysis (comparison of inputs and outputs)?Per cow
Per litre
Per hectare
Percentage of output - 48What is meant by true milk yield?Excludes milk fed to calves and antibiotic milk, so usually lower than lactation yield
- 49Why is it important to monitor milk yield from forage?Maximising yield from forage reduces costs spent on purchased feeds
- 50Give 5 factors that can affect milk yield for the same amount of feedHerd health and fertility
Genetics
Environmental factors
Quality of grazing
Skill of management - 51Define stocking rateAmount of land available for livestock and how many livestock utilise this land
- 52Give the equation to calculate stocking rateStocking rate = number of livestock units/ forage hectares
- 53What data is given by longevity reports?Indicates why cows leave the herd
- 54What is meant by forced culls?Animals not in calf or with health problems such as mastitis meaning they can no longer survive in the herd
- 55What is meant by selected culls?Animals culled for reasons such as low yield or slow milking - healthy enough to remain in the herd but culled for management reasons to improve herd performance
- 56Which 6 factors must be taken into account when comparing different herds?Similar year end
Similar breed
Similar system
Herd size
Yield bands
Sample size/reliability - 57What is the aim of longevity reports?Reducing the proportion of forced culls, which vets play an important role in
- 58What percentage of production costs is capital reinvestment?Should be 8%
- 59What percentage of production costs is replacement costs?8%
- 60What are replacement costs?Cost of heifers entering herd
Cost of cows leaving the herd - 61What percentage of production costs is variable costs?46%
- 62What percentage of production costs is labour and machinery?35%
- 63What percentage of production costs are rent and finance?5%
- 64What percentage of production costs are other fixed costs?9&
- 65Give 4 features of a high output systemYear round calving
Mixed forages
Mixer wagon to produce TMR
Housed all year round - 66Give 4 features of a medium output systemAutumn or year round calving
Mixed forages in Winter
Grazing in Spring
May or may not have a mixer wagon to produce TMR - 67Give 3 features of a low output systemSpring calving
Extended grazing period
Usually cross breeds - 68Which type of system is most common in the UK?80% of dairy farms are medium output systems
- 69What are A and B supermarket price contracts?Aim to limit milk production
A price for same yield produced last year
B price (much lower) for any excess
Informações
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- BVSc Year 1 (Animal Management) FlashCards sobre Cattle Costings, criado por Florence Edwards em 21-04-2016.
- Criado por
- Florence Edwards
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