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- 1What makes up 95% of diversity?Invertebrates
- 2what 4 factors dictate the animal form? (and 3 others)Getting food
getting water
removing wastes
reproduction
environment
size
existence - mobile? - 3How do you group species together?by phylogeny and systematics
- 4what are the three main approaches of phylogeny and systematics?1. evolutionary systematics
compare animals/characters/fossils
2. phenetics
number of common characters
3. phylogenetic systematics
differences in shared characteristics - genes - 5A spider has a ___ this is the head and thorax combinedcephalothorax
- 63 sections of the thoraxprotorax, mesathorax and metathormax
- 7define notumback
- 8problems with phologneny?mis-identifications are common, we cannot see what they see, cryptic species.
- 9What are Chelicerataspiders and kin
- 10What are the characteristics of Cheliceratano antennae
modified 1st and second appendages into Chelicerae and pedipalps - 11What are opilionsnot true spiders because they have no poison and they use pedipalps and chelicerae to capture prey - harvestmen
- 12MYGAlomorphaefangs in same pane as body, tarantulas, ca be huge and in temperate or tropical regions
- 13ARANEOmorphaefangs at 90 degrees and the largest group of common spiders - red back
- 14basic spider morphology2 body parts, prosoma and opisthosoma. 8 legs, pedipalps and chelicerae. good vision
- 15MYGLAmorph silk production vs ARANEOmorph2 pairs of ducts in spinnerets, vs 3 pairs and the 4th pair being fused.
- 16uses of silkfood capture and preservation, camouflage, safety line, line burrow and dispersal.
- 17What are hexapods and their defining characteristics?subphylum of arthropodum. 3 leg pairs
- 18earliest known and mostly distributed hexapod?springtails
- 196 main morphological features of springtails1. spring with three parts
2. retinaculum 'a catch'
3. ventral tube (key)
4. 6 abdominal segments
5. mouthparts enclosed laterally
6. 2 distinct morphological types - 20ARTHROpleona vs SYMPHYpleonaarthropleona have well defined segments and Symphypleona are globular. both are morphological types of springtails
- 21what do springtails eat in antarcticalive on ricks or under them and they eat bacteria, fungus and algae - on the soil.
- 22Surface, intermediate and deep soil springtail differencessurface have large eyes and appendages
intermediate have simple eyes and short appendages
deep are blinde with reduced appendages and small stumpy legs. - 23define temporary watersbodies of water with a recurrent dry phase and the onset and duration are often predictable
- 24what are the challenges of temporary waters?1. loss of water
2. extremes in temperature and dissolved oxygen
3. finding and reaching a more suitable habitat. - 25opportunities of temp waterslow competition, few predators
- 26what are the 4 main stages of surviving the dry phase?1. life history:timing
2. life history plasticity
3. behavioural avoidance
4. dormancy - 27what is life history timingtime terrestrial or drought resistant phases with the dry phase - aerial adults (less water inhibits egg hatching in fairy shrimp)
- 28what is life history plasticitydrying off of pond speeds up development in the mosquito, differential growth rates.
- 29what is Anhydrobiosisloss of all cellular water during dormancy.
- 30what are the two types of insect ontogeny? define, with examplesAMETAbolous, springtails, not much change at all and METABOLOUS, caterpillar/butterfly, illustrates metamorphosis
- 31what are the two types of metabolous? example and definehemimetabolous (partial and have nymphs) and holometabolous are full and have larvae
- 32what are the three types of larvae and examples and whyPOLYpod, short legs with abdominal prolegs - butterfly.
OLIGOpod, no prolegs but have functonal thoratic legs - beetles
Apod, no legs - maggots - 33define voltenismhow often a life cycle is completed
- 34moulting illustrates changes in ...hormonal (juvinile hormone) , behavioural (vulnerable) and epidermal (cells break down old cuticle)
- 35environmental cues on growth- temperature - degree days
- 36what are the two true social ordersISPotera and HYMENoptera
- 37differences between HYMENopetera and ISPoteraISPOtera have sterile MALES AND FEMALE workers. a fertile KING remains in the colony - termites
HYMENopetera WORKERS are STERILE FEMALES. Males are temporary nupital flight and sperm storage by queen - wasps and ants - 38Bumble bee life cycle, reproduction, overwinter, food reserve, queens, colony size, hive, honey, pollinators, communication and swarmingBUMBLE BEE: annual life cycle and reproduction. they have a queen over winter. their food reserves are low and their queens are overfed. the colony is 10-100, they have an irregular hive. they are better pollinators than honey bees, they do not communicate or swarm.
- 39Honey bee life cycle, reproduction, overwinter, food reserve, queens, colony size, hive, honey, pollinators, communication and swarmingHONEY BEE: Continuous life cycle, reproduce as needed, over winter they are a colony. they have high food reserves and they feed the queens a royal jelly. their colony is massive in a honey comb hive, not as good at polinating but good communication and they do swarm.
- 40what is the problem with flowering plants?cross fertilisation. thus have symbiosis with 40% sugar reward to promote loyalty and consistancy and thus double benefit - learns the ropes to increase efficiency for both
- 41characteristics of flowersclumping.
seasonal to resrict access
scents and colours and shaoes - 42How do flowers ensure consistency? 3 points1. time of reward
- diurnally, seasonally
2. accessibility of the reward
- tongue length
3. jewl weed
- self pollinating flower above. - 433 Ways that flowers avoid self fertilisation1. vertical inflorescence
2. differential maturation
3. different plants - 44what is special about Caleana minor?the duck orchif, looks and smells like a female wasp species.
- 45what phylum are starfish?Echinodermata
- 46what are the characteristics of echinodermata?muscles and nerves, radial symmetry in adults and thus secondary symmetry. calcium carbonate skeleton. no cephalisation
- 47what is pentandrous symmetry?based on 5
- 48What are CRINoidea?sea lillies and feather stars, mouth on upper surface
- 49what are OPHIURoidea?brittle stars and are snake like and thousands aggregate where there is food.
- 50ASTERoideasea starts very common
- 51CONCENTRICYCLoideasea daisies on submerged wood very small. sexual dimorphism, male has a pouch
- 52ECHINoideaUrchins sea dollars
- 53HOLOTHURoideasea cucumbers bilateral with anterior and posterior
- 54common anatomical features of sea star ECHINODERMATAMadreporite, anus, central disk and arms, spines and tube feet. water vasular system is the unifying character.
- 55what is the function of the tube feet?locomotion, food gatering, respiration and excretion
- 56madreporiteregulatory valve
- 57How do tube feet operate?with muscular nerves. the ampulla muscles contract to allow water into the podium and then this extends. logitudinal muscles retract, or one half contracted to move.
- 58sea star digestive systemstrong mouth, short oesophagus, lower stomach primary then upper. enzymes increase absorption and storage.
- 59mutable connective tissueallows for rapid changes in mechanical properties.
soft/hard transition in sea strs and movable/rigid spines in urchins. - 60sexual reproductionmostly no external morph, diff. between sexes. some hermaphrodites. brooders or free spawners. crown of thorns 60 million eggs.
- 61what are porifera?true sponges
- 62what are cnadriajellyfish and coral
- 63feature of cnadria and porifera?no anus. 360 degree enviro access as they are radially symmetrical and are multicellular
- 643 things necessary to be multi-cellular1. cell recognition
2. cell adhesion
3. support - 65Sponges details2% freshwater, have no organs or nerves or muscles. no locomotion. independant cells act cooperatively.
- 663 main types of spongesASconoid - least complex
SYNconoid
LEUconoid - most complex - 67CHOANocytes1st layer, keeps everything moving, maintains flow and captures gametes and food. has a nucleus and food basket
- 68AMEOBocytesmiddle layer and has totipotent, porocytes, spicules
- 69totipotentcan be anuthing- outer cell layer
- 70porocyteswater flow
- 71spiculesstructure
- 72festures od Cnadriacernivores, symbiotic algae, polymorphic. nerves and muscles but no CNS, live in colonies and have a NEMATOCYSTS
- 73Nematocystunifying character of Cnadria and use for food collection and defence
- 74operation of nematocystchemical stimulus = inflow of water and explosive discharge and corkscrews
- 75what are the short comings of Cnadriano anus, movement distorts gut movement, must release gametes and recapture them.
- 76corals have whatZooanthellae , corals get nutrients and algae get protection and access to metabolic wastes.
- 77special features of flatwormsbilaterally symmetrical, more than 2 cell layers thick. no true body cavity, no circulatory system, simple nervous system, mostly hermaphrodites
- 78flatworm anatomyprimitive brain, two mouth parts, mouth at the back, excrete by diffusion
- 79turbellariahuge range in size, well developed sence organ, prey on invertebrates and bacteria, cillia or muscles
- 80Platyheleminthes adaptation to parasitismplasticity of morphology, variable and complex life cycles, sensory capability of host finding behaviours, evade host defences and have a modified surface
- 81external flukesusually leaf shaped and have a well developed gut. eco-parasites of fish, good attatchment. simple life ccle
- 82internal flukesparasites of vertebrates especially fish. consume host tissue. 2-4 hosts, irst usually a mollusc. liver fluke,
- 83tape wormsgutless. divided into reproductive segments. sits in muscle of cow of pig.
- 84Rhynie chertprecipitation of silica rich fluids on the surface deposit and preserved soft tissues of plants and animals
- 85features of nematodesbilateral symmetry, complex cuticle, muscular gut with mouth and anus, no circlar muscles on the complex cuticle and body walls.
- 86why are nematodes so successfulsimple and effective design, thick cuticle and functionally diverse
- 87nematode distribution80% of animals on the planet
- 88nematode movementlongitudinal muscles that contract and then relax, have a film of moisture for movement
- 89nematode reproductioneither sexual or hermaphridite or parthogenesis
- 90nematodes as parasites of plantsroot knot 300 plant species makes a hole in the cell wall and inhibits cell division, in the stump of the tree then adults eat the bark of any woody plant
- 91nematode parasite of invertebratesmutualistic symbiosis with insect-pathogenic bacteria. kill the grub.
- 92environmental indicators and model anomalsomnivores first to go if polluted. 3 days egg-eff, transparent and muscles, NS , sexual repro and developes from one zygote
- 93special features of molluscsbilaterally symmetrical, thorough gut but no true body cavity. CS with a heart, sac like kidneys and a pair of gonads
- 94mollusc diversitylarge range in size, marine, freshwater or terrestrial. most diverse after arthropods.
- 95torsionmantle cavity and anus to an anterior position above the head, 180 degrees.
- 96pneumostonebreathing pore
- 97why study molluscscrop pests, hosts of parasites, food sources, jewlery bio fouling and model animals in learning and behaviour
- 98hookwormburies into foot and grabs intestine
- 99the parasite tricks1. changing surface antigens
2. hiding inside cells
3. destroying antibodies
4. prevent immune cells from working - 100how can we control parasites?1. sanitisation
2. vector control
3. chemotherapy
4. immunotherapy
5. education - 101—
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- FlashCards sobre Sem título, criado por Flossy Lyford em 28-08-2016.
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