Flashcards
Attachment- Psychology
Flashcards do conjunto (37)
- 1What is attachment?An emotional bond between people, which strengthens over time, and is shown by aims to increase proximity
- 2What is reciprocity?Where each person responds to the other and elicits a response
- 3What is interactional synchrony?When people mirror or carry out the same action simultaneously
- 4who did a study in 1964 on attachment?Schaffer and Emerson
- 5What was the 1964 attachment study's method?observe 60 infants over 18 months, visit monthly, observe + record parent-child interactions, interview parents, make parents fill out forms
- 6What is the generalisability of the Schaffer-Emerson study?Low- only 60 infants, only Glaswegian (cultural impact ignored)
- 7How reliable was the Schaffer and Emerson study?Reasonably- It could be replicated easily, but times have changed, so the results might differ. Also, it uses self-report, which is biased so unreliable.
- 8Is the Schaffer-Emerson study relevant and applicable?It has been applied to real life and has changed the way hospitals are run, but it might be out of date
- 9How valid are the Schaffer-Emerson results?It is reasonably valid as it takes place in a natural setting, but it uses self-report which is biased
- 10What (and when) are the four stages of attachment?First- Asocial- Few weeks
no attachment
Second- In-discriminant- 3 months
Responds to all
(Transitional indiscriminant-discriminant, 4 months)
Distinguish between primary and secondary care-givers, no stranger anxiety, general sociability)
Third- Discriminant- 7 months
Look for particular people for security, comfort, protection
Show stranger anxiety
Separation anxiety
Fourth- Multiple attachments- 9 months
Increasingly independent, form several attachments - 11What is a longitudinal study?A study that takes place over a long period of time
- 12What is 'sensitive responsiveness'?The idea that babies attach to people that respond accurately to the baby's needs, rather than the people who spend most time with them.
- 13What are the issues with Schaffer and Emerson's four stages of attachments?-Difficult to judge the exact age of multiple attachments
-The infants might not be actually attached to others in 'multiple attachments'
-It is difficult to judge asocial stage because the children are immobile - 14Signs of attachment (6)-Aims to maintain proximity
-Separation anxiety
-Bodily contact
-Interactional synchrony
-Reciprocity
-Caregiverese - 15Which two psychologists had different views on multiple attachments?Bowlby- One primary attachment important, all others lesser
Rutter- All attachments important and similar strength - 16What forms strong attachments?Caregiver responding quickly and interacting lots
- 17What forms weak attachments?Caregiver responds slowly and interacts less
- 18When do infants start having separation anxiety?6-8 months
- 19When do infants get stranger anxiety?One month after separation anxiety
- 20What is operant conditioning?Using positive and negative reinforcement to change a behaviour
- 21What is classical conditioning?Pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus to associate them, so eventually the neutral stimulus can incur the same response
- 22What are the main predictions of the learning theory?-Children form attachments on the basis of primary care provision (feeding ect)
-Attachment behaviour will increase from birth
-Strongest attachments will be with those who provide the most primary care - 23What is the 'learning theory'?The theory that infants form attachments based on being conditioned to associate caregivers with primary care (food ect)
- 24What are the weaknesses to the 'learning theory'?-No psychological evidence to show feeding has anything to do with attachments
-Harlow's monkeys- contact is more important than food
-Schaffer and Emerson shows that care is more important than food - 25Who was Konrad Lorenz and what did he do?He got baby geese to imprint on him, noting that it was innate, permanent and must happen within the critical period of '4-25 hours'.
- 26What are the key points to Bowlby's evolutionary theory?M- Monotropy (One special attachment, probably mum)
I- Internal working model (Child's relationships depend on relationship with mother)
C- Critical period
S- Social releasers (babies have physical + behavioural characteristics to make adults take care of them)
A- Adaptive (Helps you survive) - 27Which studies support the evolutionary theory?-Harlows monkeys (Comfort > Food)
-Shaffer + Emerson (Sensitive Responsiveness > Food)
-Fox (Parents > Nurses who supply food)
-Hazan + Shaver (Parent relationships are important for romantic relationships later)
-Lorenz (Critical period, adaptive) - 28Weaknesses of the evolutionary theory?Shaffer + Emerson (Multiple attachment)
Extrapolation
Monotropy (Socially Sensitive)
Temperament (behaviour is genetic) - 29Why did Ainsworth conduct the Strange Situation experiment?Ainsworth was interested in the different types of attachment an infant can form with their caregiver.
- 30What were the 8 steps of the Strange situation experiment?1- mother and infant in room
2- Mother sits and responds to infant
3- Stranger enters, talks to mother and approaches infant
4-Mother leaves. Stranger and infant are together
5-Mother returns and stranger leaves. When baby is settled, mother leaves again
6- Baby is alone
7- Stranger returns and is alone with baby
8-Mother returns and stranger leaves - 31What percentage of different attachments were found?Secure- 70%
Avoidant- 15%
Resistant- 15% - 32What would be observed in a securely attached infant?-Play with mother whether or not stranger is present
-Distress when mum leaves
-Seeks immediate contact but calms quickly when she returns
-Stranger is treated differently to mother, stranger cannot calm infant - 33What would be observed in an avoidant infant?- Ignores mum due to indifference
-Little distress when mum leaves
-Ignores her on return
-Distress caused by being alone not because mum isn't present so stranger can calm infant - 34WHat would be observed in a resistant infant?-Fussy and wary when mum is there, crying, unsettled.
-Distressed when mum leaves
-Seeks contact on return but will not calm, shows anger + resists contact
-Baby is ambivalent towards mother but resists strangers too - 35What did Main + Solomon find in a re-analysis of the Strange Situation?A fourth attachment type, insecure disorganised
(lack of consistant patterns of social behaviour, don't deal well with separation, strong attachments, fearful towards caregiver) - 36Problems with the stranger situation experiment?-Can't generalise (106 middle class American infants)
-Might only measure specific relationship- infant might attach better to others
-Ethics??? Child is distressed - 37—
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- FlashCards sobre Attachment- Psychology, criado por Keeley Boo em 12-09-2016.
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- Keeley Boo
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