Flashcards
Psya1 Developmental
Flashcards do conjunto (8)
- 1Attachment DefinitionAn attachment is a strong long lasting emotional tie or bond to a particular individual. It involves efforts to get physically close to an attachment figure and leads to distress on separation.
- 2Explanation of Attachment Learning Theory Classical ConditioningMain theory was attachment is on basis of food
Classical Conditioning:The caregiver who gives them food becomes associated with pleasure through satisfying the main drive of hunger. They learn to approach if they're need has not been satisfied. This generalizes into a feeling of security whenever the caregiver is present.
-Food is an unconditioned stimulus that produces an unconditioned response(pleasure).
-At first the caregiver is a neutral stimulus who produces no response.
-mother is paired with UCS, she slowly becomes associated with pleasure on her own.
-mother is now a conditioned stimulus and pleasure is a Conditioned Response. - 3Explanation of Attachment Learning Theory Operant Conditioning-Once infant has made the association, it will engage in behaviors that encourage the care giver to remain present (smiling, crying).
-This is rewarding or reinforcing so a baby learns to repeat it.
-A hungry infant feels uncomfortable & is driven to reduce discomfort.
-Food is a primary reinforcer as it directly satisfies hunger.
-Caregiver is a secondary reinforcer as she provides the PR - 4Learning Theory Evaluation+Is a lot of Lab evidence to support the principles. This has benefit of being well controlled, objective and replicable.
-Research suggests Learning theory is not a sufficient explanation. Strongest attachment would be to the person who most often provides food,comfort...
Schaffer and Emerson- in a longitudinal home based observation of Scottish infants found less than half of the children had attachments to people with this kind of care giving responsibility. This contradicts learning theory.
Harlow- found that physical contact rather than food is vital for attachment in infant monkeys. He conducted a series of experiments where monkeys were taken away from there mothers at birth. They were given 2 surrogate mothers-one with soft- one wire. They preferred soft one - 5John Bowlby's theory of attachment. Evolutionary TheoryBowlby said attachment is said to be biological and instinctive.
i) Attachment has survival value. He believed that babies behavior has evolved to behave towards PCG in ways that ensure their survival. They prefer people are more sensitive to social releases such as smiles and cries.
ii)relationship with mother acts as a template for future relationships.
iii)Critical Period-Bowlby believed that if mothering was delayed for 12 months it was useless for most infants. If delayed for 3 years it was useless for all children. - 6John Bowlby's theory of attachment. Evolutionary Theory Evaluation+his work has been very influential as it has stimulated a graet deal of researh and many if his ideas have applied to a wide variety of situations.
-Ethnocentric:in many cultures the normal patterns of child rearing are quite different from western practice. Israeli Kibbutz children have several attachments.
-Schaffer and Emmerson in observation of Scottish infants found that 8 moths, 50 of the infants had more than one attachment.
+ supported by animal studies e.g Lorenz (attachment develops for survival) - 7Types of Attachment Secure and Insecure Strange Situation-Ainsworth and Bell-controlled observation
-looked at how infants reacted to mild forms of stress. Looked at the quality of attachment.
Lasted 20 mins. used on 100 Middle class US infants from 12-18 months old. 8 episodes. all 3 mins except fist(30 secs)
-70% were securely attached
-20% were insecure avoidant-little attention to caregiver, little concern when she leaves.
-10% insecure resistant-very distressed when separated from caregiver and hard to comfort on reunion. - 8Types of Attachment Secure and Insecure Strange Situation-Ainsworth and Bell Evaluation+Is easily replicated because of systematic procedures. All infants experience same procedure
- Reaction to SS may not be a valid measure of attachment. infants who have been in daycare may show insecure avoidant as they are use to being left alone.
-Kagan criticized Ainsworth's maternal sensitivity hypothesis, he proposed the temperament hypothesis.(kids behavior shapes mothers behavior)
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- FlashCards sobre Psya1 Developmental , criado por georgeware9 em 12-05-2014.
- Criado por
- georgeware9 · mai 2014
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- 19 fev 2016
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