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Memory and Language Flashcards

livi.sheppard20 Memory And Language Univeristy Inglês 71 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (71)

  1. 1Define "Memory"Memory is the creation, storage, retention and active reconstruction (recollection) of information.
  2. 2What is the distinction between William James' (1890) Primary and Secondary memory?Primary - STM/WM, conscious awareness, effortless retrieval
    Secondary - LTM, Genuine past, unconscious, permanent
  3. 3What are the 3 phases of memory?1. Acquisition/Encoding
    2. Storage
    3. Retrieval
  4. 4Describe Atkinson & Shiffrin's (1968) Modal Model of Memory.Sensory store ->(via attention) STM -> (encoding) LTM
    LTM -> (retrieval) STM
  5. 5Sperling (1960) presented letters in 3x3/3x4 for 50ms. What did he find?Most participants were able to report 4-5 letters.
    -Large amount held in iconic memory
    - Info decays rapidly, ~0.5s
  6. 6Describe the function, capacity and duration of STM.Function - Conscious processing of recent info (usually sensory)
    Capacity - 7+-2 (miller, 1956)
    Duration - If not rehearsed, 15-20s
  7. 7Describe the function, capacity and duration of LTM.Function - organises and stores information
    Capacity - Unlimited?
    Duration - Permanent?
  8. 8What are the Primary and recency effects?Primary effect - better memory for words at beginning
    Recency effect - better memory for words at the end.
  9. 9Describe Working Memory.Central Executive + 2 slave systems
    -- Phonological Loop, Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
    If 2 tasks use the same component, they cannot be performed successfully together.
    If different components are required, 2 tasks can be performed successfully.
  10. 10What is the phonological loop? What are the 2 processes involved?-Temporary storage of speech-like info.
    - Phonological store - "inner ear"
    - articulatory loop - "inner voice", active rehearsal component and linked to speech.
  11. 11What is the visuo-spatial sketch pad? Describe the 2 main components?- A system for setting up and manipulating images, visual, spatial and kinesthetic info.
    - VISUAL CACHE - visual info
    -INNER SCRIBE - Spatial and movement info
  12. 12What is the Central Executive and what does it do?Most important and active component in WM, probably in PFC.
    Direct attention, monitoring behavior, time sharing, selective attention, coordinating the 2 slave systems.
  13. 13What are the main disorders of the Central Executive?Dysexecutive Syndrome - frontal lobe damage
    Alzheimer's - problems in distributing attention between tasks
  14. 14How does levels of processing affect memory?Shallow = fragile memory traces, more likely to forget.
    Deep = elaborate, long lasting, stronger memory traces.
  15. 15What are retrieval cues and why are they important?Bits of info that allows access to a memory trace.
    Going from one cue to the next until the target memory is located.
  16. 16What are flashbulb memories?Highly detailed and vivid memories for surprising events that are resistant to forgetting.
  17. 17What % of all wrongful convictions are due to mis-identification?48%
  18. 18What is the cross-race effect?The finding that recognition for same-race faces is generally more accurate.
    W-W better than W-B
  19. 19What are the factors which can affect eyewitness testimony and at what stage do they occur?Perceptual stage - dark, distance, duration, lighting
    Encoding stage - stress, violence, weapon focus (NOT level of threat, but more unexpectedness of weapon)
    Storage stage - memory degrades over time, sharp decrease within 20m.
  20. 20Loftus and Palmer (1974) found what in their study involving leading words?The more 'violent' the word, the higher the estimated speed of the car.
    eg. "smashed" = 40.8
    "contacted" = 31.8
  21. 21What is a Cognitive Interview/ what is involved?- recreate external & internal events.
    - report EVERYTHING
    - Report events in different orders.
    - report from different perspectives
    - no interruption during narrative.
    **Boosts accurate info by 50%
  22. 22What are the 7 sins of memory? Explain each of them.1. TRANSIENCE.
    2. ABSENTMINDEDNESS
    3. BLOCKING
    4. MISATTRIBUTION
    5. SUGGESTIBILITY
    6. BIAS
    7. PERSISTENCE
  23. 23What is transience? Why does it affect memory?- Memory for facts/events become less accessible over time.
    - Related to how much work done during encoding
    - Specific -> general -> gist
    - due to shallow LoP, weak synaptic connectivity, interference, bad cues.
  24. 24What is absentmindedness?Forgetting because of inattention during encoding (shallow LoP, divided attention) or retrieval (Prospective memory failures).
  25. 25What is blocking?Conscious awareness that item is available but INTERFERENCE of similar, incorrect items affect this.
    -Tip of Tongue.
  26. 26What is Misattribution?Memory is present but attributed to wrong source, or false recall of something that never happened.
    More false memories when many associations exist, aged, frontal lobe damage.
    Less likely when; using images, emotional connection, damage to medial temporal lobe.
  27. 27What is suggestibility?Accept false suggestion made by others
    eg. leading questions.
  28. 28What is bias?Encoding and retrieval highly dependent on pre-existing knowledge & beliefs.
    Memories distorted by CURRENT beliefs, values, moods, expectations
  29. 29What is persistence?(constantly) remembering an event you want to forget.
    -PTSD
    -Related to activity in Amygdala
  30. 30What is LTM, and what are the 2 sub-types of LTM?- The influence of past events on current experience and behaviour.
    1. Delcarative/Explicit (Episodic & Semantic)
    2. Non-Declarative/Implicit (Procedural, Classical/operant, Priming).
  31. 31Describe the case of patient HM.HM had parts of his medial temporal lobe eliminated due to surgery for epilepsy.
    Resulted in dense amnesia
    Unable to form new long term memories of events, facts, words.
  32. 32What is Psychogenic Amnesia?Usually a retrograde loss of autobiographical memory for certain past experiences.
    Can be associated with trauma.
  33. 33What is Psychogenic Fugue?Sudden onset with a loss of memory for one's entire past & identity. It may resolve in a relatively short time, memories of the past are recovered, but not necessarily of the period in fugue state.
  34. 34What is Ganser's Syndrome?Characterised by vague or incorrect answers.
    eg. 2+7 = 11
    Rare.
  35. 35What is proactive interference?When previously learned information interferes with new information.
  36. 36What is repression?Freudian concept which states that there are too many memories that are too painful/traumatic which are actively kept from consciousness.
  37. 37Describe the Peterson & Peterson (1959) study, relating to STM.-P's were asked to remember a 3 letter stimulus.
    -Rehearsal prevented by counting back in 3's.
    -Memory performance reduced to ~50% after 6s.
    -Memory was almost all gone after 18s.
  38. 38Which 2 reasons were given by Jacoby, Debner & Hay(2001) as to why proactive interference occurs?1. Problems in retrieving correct response.
    2. The greater strength of incorrect response learned previously.
  39. 39Which area of the brain is active during proactive interference tasks?Left ventrolateral pre frontal cortex.
    **also involved in directed forgetting which indicates LVLPFC is involved in suppressing unwanted info**
  40. 40What is retroactive interference?Ability to remember what we are currently learning is disrupted by future learning.
    Generally greater when the new learning resembles previous learning.
  41. 41What is memory consolidation and what part of the brain plays a key role?A process lasting several hours which fixes information into LTM - mostly involving the hippocampus.
  42. 42Describe the 2 phases of memory consolidation.1. Over hours, heavily involving the hippocampus.
    2. Over days -> years, involving interactions between hippocampal region, adjacent entohinal cortex and neocortex.
  43. 43What is Jost's Law (1897)?The older of two memories of the same strength will decay slower.
  44. 44What is Ribot's Law (1882)?The adverse effects of brain injury on memory are greater on newly formed memories than older ones.
  45. 45What are the differences between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?A.A - reduced capability to remember info acquired AFTER onset of amnesia.
    R.A. - Problems in remembering events PRIOR to amnesia.
  46. 46What are the main causes of amnesia?Bilateral stroke, closed head trauma, alcohol, Korsakoff's Syndrome.
  47. 47What is declarative memory?Part of LTM, which involves conscious recollection. It includes memory for events (EPISODIC) and for facts (SEMANTIC)
  48. 48What is Non-Declarative memory?Part of LTM, that influences behaviour but does not involve conscious recollection. Includes PRIMING and PROCEDURAL memory.
  49. 49What is episodic memory, and which study investigated the permastore?Storage and retrieval of specific events/episodes occurring at a given place at a given time.
    Bahrick, Bahrick & Wittlinger (1975) by using high school pics.
  50. 50Episodic and semantic memory rely on different areas of the brain. What are they?Episodic - hippocampus.
    Semantic - entorhinal, perihinal and parahippocampal cortices.
  51. 51What is semantic memory?The aspect of human memory that corresponds to general knowledge of objects, word meanings, facts and people without a connection to time/place.
  52. 52What are the 2 types of repetition priming?Perceptual - repeated presentation of stimulus facilitates perceptual processing of it.
    Conceptual - there is facilitated processing of stimulus meaning.
  53. 53What is procedural memory?A gradual improvement of performance with practice that generalises to a range of stimuli withing a domain of processing.
    e.g. motor skill, grammar learning, mirror tracing.
  54. 54Which area of the brain is of crucial importance in declarative memory?Medial Temporal Lobe and Medial Diencephalon -- including hippocampus.
  55. 55What is the extended hippocampal system?Hippocampus, Fornix, Mammilary bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei. (Aggleton, 2008)
    **EPISODIC MEMORY.
  56. 56Biologically, what is the main difference between alcoholics with Korsakoff's and without Korsakoff's?Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome had degeneration of anterior thalamic nuclei.
  57. 57The striatum and cerebellum are most closely linked with which type of memory?Procedural.
  58. 58What is Parkinson's Disease?A progressive disorder involving damage to basal ganglia (part of striatum). Symptoms include rigidity of muscles, tremors, mask-like facial expression.
  59. 59Skill learning is associated with a decrease in... and an increase in..Decrease in PFC
    Increase in basal ganglia
  60. 60Which areas of the PFC are important in LTM and executive processes?Dorsolateral PFC (BA49 & 46) - evaluates relevance of info for current task
    Ventrolateral PFC (BA45 & 47) - deals with competition between memory representation active simultaneously
  61. 61fMRI studies have found that which part of the brain is activated during successful recollection of episodic memories?Parietal Lobes
  62. 62What is autobiographical memory?Memory for the events of one's own life, usually of personal significance, extends back decades, and complex.
  63. 63What do flashbulb memories usually include?-informant
    -place where news was heard
    -ongoing event
    -emotional state
    -consequences of event for individual.
  64. 64Talarico and Rubin (2003) evaluated flashbulb memories of 9/11. What did they find?Vividness remained high throughout.
    Flashbulb memories show NO MORE consistency over time than every day memories.
  65. 65Woike, Gershkovich, Piorkowski & Polo (1999) identified 2 types of personality. What are they?Agentic - independence, achievement, personal power.
    Communal - Interdependence and similarity to others.
  66. 66What is conformation bias?A greater focus on evidence apparently confirming one's hypothesis than on dis-confirming evidence.
  67. 67Unconscious transference is...The tendency of eyewitnesses to misidentify a familiar face as belonging to the perpetrator.
  68. 68What are the 2 types of prospective memory?Retrospective- words, events, people, encountered in the PAST.
    Prospective - Remembering to carry out intended actions.
  69. 69What are the 5 stages in prospective memory?1. Encoding - what, where, when.
    2. Retention -retained over time.
    3. Retrieval - When a suitable opportunity appears, info retrieved from LTM.
    4. Execution - do it
    5. Evaluation - if prospective memory fails, there is re-planning.
  70. 70What are time-based and event-based prospective memory?T.B - do a thing at a particular time.
    E.B - Do the thing when the circumstances are suitable.
  71. 71Mood-state dependent learning shows that you are more likely to remember something if..The mood you were in during learning is the SAME as when recall is needed.

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Univeristy Memory And Language FlashCards sobre Memory and Language Flashcards, criado por livi.sheppard20 em 13-05-2014.
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