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Flashcards

Malaria

niamh bergin Geography - human Inglês 55 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (55)

  1. 1what is type of disease is malaria?A tropical vector-borne disease
  2. 2how is it transmittedit is biologically transmitted by insects
  3. 3according to the latest available data from WHO, 3.4 billion people live in areas at risk of malaria transmission in how many countries or territories?100
  4. 4who are most severely affected ?children under 5 and pregnant women
  5. 5Malaria is the 6th biggest killer in LICs and deemed significant enough to be part of the MDGs - which goal in particular?6
  6. 6what is the vector for malaria?female ANOPHELES mosquitos
  7. 7what do the parasites (which are the disease) infect when a mosquito bites a personthe red blood cell
  8. 8what are some symptoms of malaria?? and when do they appear?- fever
    - headache
    - vomiting
    10-15 days after bite
  9. 9if not treated quickly malaria can become what? and how?life-threatening as the blood supply to vital organs is disrupted
  10. 10the disease contributes greatly to what among women and childrenanaemia
  11. 11malaria is strongly linked to the physical environment - where do mosquitos breed?stagnant water
  12. 12when is transmission greatest?during and just after rainy season
  13. 13what altitude is best for transmissionbelow 1,500m
  14. 14what rainfall is best for transmissionover 1,000mm
  15. 15what temperature do the parasites need?between 16 -32 degrees celcius
  16. 16what areas also show a high prevalence of the diseasecoastal areas
  17. 17what is another important factor that can determine malaria riskland use
  18. 18studies in India have show what about those living in the proximity of forested areasmore susceptible to infection
  19. 19what other factors also influence the level of risk of contracting the diseasesocio-economic
  20. 20malaria is frequently referred to as the disease of what?poverty
  21. 21what are disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) ?The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death.
  22. 22when the burden of malaria is measured as a DALY 58% of the total global burden due to the disease is concentrated among who?the poorest 20% of the global population
  23. 23malaria is a common cause of what? in many countriesmorbidity
  24. 24it is concentrated in the worlds poorest continents because of the lack of what?investment in projects for developing new drugs and vaccines + limited no. of existing programmes to control the disease
  25. 25what are some common socio-economic factors that increase the incidence of disease : list them- housing quality and occupancy
    - unsanitary conditions
    - occupation
    - rural vs urban environments
    - age and gender
    -ethnicity
  26. 26how could housing quality and occupancy increase the incidence of malarial infectionshomes in many countries = earth/sand floors and built out of mud, bamboo cane, wooden trunks, grass or palm leaves / those with poorly fitted doors / windows without glass/ screens/ shutters
    Densely clustered built -up areas + overcrowded rooms
  27. 27how could unsanitary conditions increase the incidence of malarial infectionsalthough individual houses may be clean the surrounding areas dirty + polluted by rubbish + waste outflows
    spitting + open defecation are also commonly associated with attracting mosquitos
  28. 28how could occupation increase the incidence of malarial infectionsagricultural workers are more exposed to the mosquito vector - particularly applies to those living near stores of irrigation water and to migrant workers who might sleep outside at night
  29. 29how could rural vs urban environments increase the incidence of malarial infectionsgenerally, those in rural areas are seen to be at more risk, however contamination rates in urban slums and squatter settlements are high due to density of households and unsanitary conditions
  30. 30how could age and gender increase the incidence of malarial infectionschildren under the age of 5 are more likely to suffer the extreme consequences of the disease.
  31. 31how could ethnicity increase the incidence of malarial infectionsthis only influences risk because of different attitudes towards health and education
  32. 32there is a strong correlation between what and the use of prevention methods?income
  33. 33those with higher incomes spend more on what ? to reduce their risk of infectionrepellents, insecticide treated nets and mosquito coils
  34. 34higher income is associated with what? and studies show that cerebral malaria is less common in well-nourished childrenbetter nourishment
  35. 35those with a clearer understanding of the link between malaria and the surrounding environmental conditions i.e. hygiene and sanitation are more likely to use what?prevention strategies
  36. 36greater distance to the nearest clinics or hospitals is associated with what?fewer seeking treatment for symptoms and less expenditure on prevention methods
  37. 3790% of malaria deaths occur where?in Africa
  38. 38Plasmodium Falciparum causes a particularly what?severe form of malaria
  39. 39people who have lived for years in areas with malaria may develop a partial what?immunity to new infections
  40. 40malaria illness and death cost Africa approx US$12 billion each year in what?lost productivity
  41. 41the effects permeate almost every sector, list some things it effects?- increases school and work absenteeism
    - decreases tourism
    - inhibits foreign investment
    - affects crop production
  42. 42what are some of the impacts of malaria on economic well-being on individuals and the family?- purchase of drugs for treating malaria
    - expenses for : travel and treatment at clinics
    - lost days of work
    - reduction in crop production
    - absence from school
    - expense for burial
  43. 43what are some of the impacts of malaria on economic well-being on the government?- maintenance
    - supply + staffing of health facilities
    - purchase of drugs and supplies
    -public health interventions against malaria i.e. insecticide spraying
    - lost days of work so lost income
    - lost opportunities for tourism
  44. 44in some areas its estimated malaria accounts for up to 40% of whatpublic health expenditures
  45. 45what do WHO suggest the key interventions to control malaria are? (3)1. prompt + effective treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapies
    2. use of insecticidal nets by people at risk
    3. indoor residual spraying with insecticide to control vector mosquitos
  46. 46in many parts of the world parasites have developed what?resistance to malaria treatments
  47. 47what are ITNsinsecticide treated nets
  48. 48sleeping under ITNs is seen as a particularly effective and ???? strategylow-cost
  49. 49burning mosquito coils favoured in urban areas as they are what?readily available and relatively cheap
  50. 50why has the practice of burning coils been discouraged by some health authoritiesas in some coils the smoke may contain pollutants which are of a health concern
  51. 51in most countries malaria is a endemic - what does this mean?(of a disease or condition) regularly found among particular people or in a certain area.
  52. 52great progress has been made in tackling malaria in the last 15 years adoption of what in 2000 and the roll back malaria partnerships reduce cases significantlythe MDGs
  53. 53the WHO has developed a new global malaria strategy for the 2016-2030 period what is the target of reducing the disease burden by, by 2030 set at90%
  54. 54these new goals also aims to do what in 35 countries by 2030eliminate the disease
  55. 55the strategy provides a comprehensive framework for countries to develop what ?tailored programmes

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Descrição
Geography - human (population and the environment) FlashCards sobre Malaria, criado por niamh bergin em 03-01-2018.
Criado por
niamh bergin
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