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Flashcards

Structured Computer Organization Chapter 1

Sarah Hatcher Computing Machinery 2 Inglês 69 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (69)

  1. 1What is a program?A sequence of instructions describing how to perform a certain task
  2. 2What is a machine language?A computer's primitive language people can communicate with the computer.
  3. 3Who decides what instructions to include in a machine language?The people designing the computer
  4. 4What are the 2 goals of designing a computer language? Why?1.Make primitive instructions as simple as possible.
    2. Consistent with computer's intended use and performance requirements
    Why? To reduce the complexity and cost of the electronics needed.
  5. 5What is the downside of coding in machine language?Machine languages are so simple it is difficult and tedious for people to use them
  6. 6How has the structuring of computers changed over time?The tedious nature of machine code has lead to structuring computers as a series of abstractions s.t. each abstraction builds on the one below it.
  7. 7What is the name of the approach to mastering the complexity of computers in a systematic organized way?Structured Computer Organization
  8. 8What are the two ways to solve the gap between what is convenient for computers and people? What do both involve?1.Interpretation. 2. Translation
    Both involve designing a new set of instructions that are more convenient for people to use.
  9. 9What is the only type of language that can be executed by a computer?built-in machine instructions
  10. 10What are the two different names for the approaches L1 languages can be executed by a computer?1. Translation
    2. Interpretation
  11. 11What is translation?Translation is the technique where and L1 language instructions are replaced by an equivalent sequence of instructions in L0 and then the computer executes the L0 instructions.
  12. 12What is interpretation?Interpretation is where a program is written in L0 that takes programs in L1 as input data and carries them out by examining each instruction in turn and executing the equivalent sequences of L0 instructions directly.
  13. 13What is the difference between interpretation and translation?Interpretation does not require first generating a new program in L0. In translation the entire L1 program is first converted to L0, the L1 program is thrown away, and then the L0 program executed. In interpretation after each L1 instruction is examined and decoded, it is carried out immediately. (L1 program is just data).
  14. 14What do we call a hypothetical computer to avoid thinking in terms of translation or interpretation?Virtual Machine(M1) with Machine Language L1
  15. 15What do we view a computer using layers of languages as?We view it as using a series of layers or levels where the bottom layer is the simplest and the top layer is the most sophisticated
  16. 16How many levels do most modern computers consist of?They consist of two or more levels.
  17. 17What level number is at the bottom of at all computers? What is it called?Level 0 is the digital logic level (machine's true hardware)
  18. 18Is there a level beneath level 0?Yes, it is called the device level and it's important in electrical engineering. At that level designers sees individual transistors (lowest-level primitives for computer designers).
  19. 19What is the name of the interesting objects at the digital logic level?The interesting objects are called gates.
  20. 20What are gates built out of?Analog components such as transistors
  21. 21What can gates be accurately modeled as? What input and output does it have?They can be modeled as digital devices where each gate has one or more digital inputs(inputs representing 0 or 1) and output is the computation of simple functions like AND or OR.
  22. 22How many transistors are in a gate?At most a handful
  23. 23How would you use gates to form a 1-bit memory and what would it store?Combining a small number of gates could create a 1-bit memory and it would store either a 0 or 1.
  24. 24How would you create 16,32, or 64 bit registers using gates?Gates can be grouped together into 1-bit memory and then grouped into groups of 16,32, 64 bit memory to form registers.
  25. 25What do registers hold?A single binary number up to some maximum.
  26. 26What is level 1 (the second level) of a computer architecture called?Microarchitecture level.
  27. 27What does a microarchitecture level contain?A collection of typically 8 to 32 registers that form a local memory and a circuit called an Arithmetic Logic Unit.
  28. 28What can an ALU do?It is capable of performing simple arithmetic operations.
  29. 29How does data from between the registers at the microarchitecture level and the ALU?It flows using a data path.
  30. 30What are the operations of the data path?Selecting registers, having the ALU perform operations on them, store the result in some register
  31. 31What is the name of the program some machine has to control the operations of the data path?Microprogram
  32. 32If the data path operations are controlled by a microprogram then what is the microprogram?It is an interpreter for the instructions at level 2. It fetches, examines, and executes instructions one by one, using the data path to do so.
  33. 33What happens if the data path operations are controlled only by hardware?The machine performs the operations but doesn't have an explicit stored program to control the interpretation of level 2 instructions.
  34. 34What is level 2 called in a computer?Level 2 is called the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) level.
  35. 35What does every computer manufacturer publish with each sold computer?They publish a manual that give information about the ISA level. They describe the machine's instruction set which is the instructions carried out interpretively by the microprogram or hardware execution circuits.
  36. 36What is level 3 of a computer called?Operating system machine level
  37. 37What does the OS machine level do?Most of the instructions in its language are also in the ISA level. Additionally, it contains a set of new instructions, different memory organization, and the ability to run two or more programs concurrently, and various other features.
  38. 38What is the primary purpose of the lower 4 levels?Running the interpreters and translators needed to support the higher levels.
  39. 39What is the name for programmers that write interpreters and translators?systems programmers
  40. 40If the programmer doesn't write interpreters and translators then what do they do and what are they called?They are called applications programmers
  41. 41What is the difference in terms of execution of programs at levels higher than 3?Levels 2,3 are always interpreted. Levels 4,5 and above are usually supported by translation. Levels 1,2, and 3 are always numeric but levels 4 contain words and abbreviations(better for people).
  42. 42What is the name of level 4 and what is its purpose?Level 4 is called the assembly language level and it provides a method for people to write programs in levels 1,2, and 3 in a form that is not as unpleasant as the virtual machine languages.
  43. 43How are programs at the assembly level executed?They are executed by first a translation to a level 1,2, or 3 language and then they are interpreted by by an appropriate virtual or actual machine.
  44. 44What is the name of the program that performs the translation to of assembly to a lower level language?The program is called an assembler
  45. 45What is level 5 called?Problem-oriented language level
  46. 46What purpose does level 5 serve?Level 5 consists of languages designed to be used by applications programmers with problems to solve. (High-level languages)
  47. 47How are level 5 languages translated?Level 5 languages are translated by translators known as compilers(or they are interpreted)
  48. 48What is different about the execution of a domain specific level 5 language?A domain specific level 5 language sometimes contains an interpreter for its specific application. The interpreter provides data and operations for solving problems in the domain that people in the domain can understand easily.
  49. 49What does the architecture of a level describe?The architecture of a level describes the set of data types, operations, and features in the level. The parts of the level that are visible to the user of that level
  50. 50Are the implementation aspects of a level part of the architecture?No, implementation aspects like how technology implements memory are not part of the architecture.
  51. 51What is the name of the study of how to design parts of a computer system that are visible to programmers?Computer architecture.
  52. 52What is a computers hardware?A computers hardware is the electronic circuits along with the memory and input output devices on the computer. Integrated circuits, printed curcuit boards, cables, ..., basically physical thigns rather than abstract ideas.
  53. 53What is a computers software?A computers software consists of algorithms (detailed instructions telling how to do something) and their computer representation (programs).
  54. 54What can be said about the logical relationship between hardware and software?Hardware and software are logically equivalent.
  55. 55How many levels did the first digital computers have?The first digital computers had only 2 levels. The ISA and the digital logic level. (ISA was where the programming was done and the digital logic level executed the programs).
  56. 56When was a micro-program suggested to be used and why?A micro-program was suggested by Wilkes in 1951 to reduce the number of unreliable vacuum tubes needed. Machines were suggested to have a built-in unchangeable interpreter(micro-program) whose function was to execute ISA-level programs by interpretation.
  57. 57What is a core dump?A core dump is the printout of the contents of memory usually printed out when a FORTRAN compilation fails that a programmer could study to find the error.
  58. 58Why was the operating system designed?The operating system was designed to automate the operator's job. Programmers used to have to punch cards to get a translation and then run the translated cards on a booked machine. It was very inefficient
  59. 59What are the three types of cards that used to be used back when FORTRAN was run on punchcards?*JOB cards, *FORTRAN cards, and *DATA card.
  60. 60What does the operating system do in the context of a FORTRAN machine?A FORTRAN machine's operating system was a program kept in the computer at all times that provided certain control cards along with the program that were read and carried out by the operating system.
  61. 61What is the name of a call to an operating system?System calls but they used to be called operating system macros or supervisor calls.
  62. 62What was the name of the early operating system organization where card decks were input and output was printed on a line printer?Batch system
  63. 63What operations were added to the micro-program when it was determined it was possible to add 'hardware' through programming?Instructions for integer multiplication and division, floating-point arithmetic instructions, instructions for calling and returning from procedures, instructions for speeding up looping, instructions for handling character strings.
  64. 64What features did machine designers look to add to their micro-programs?Features to speed up computations involving arrays, permitting programs to be moved in memory after they had started running, interrupt systems signaling the computer when input/output is achieved, ability to suspend one program and start another in a small number of instructions, special instructions for processing audio, image, and multimedia fiels.
  65. 65What happened when micro-programs became too big?Micro-programs were slower and it was determined in the late 1970s that it was better to mostly eliminate the micro-program, reduce the instruction set, and keep remaining instructions to be directly executed.
  66. 66How do modern computers use a microprocessor?Modern computers use a microprocessor when there processor is translating complex instructions into internal microcode that will be directly executed on streamlined hardware.
  67. 67Who was the first person to build a working calculating machine?Blaise Pascal(1623-1661)
  68. 68What is the architecture of a von Neumann machine?It has 5 basic parts: the memory, the arithmetic logic unit, the control unit, and the input/output equipment.
  69. 69—

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Computing Machinery 2 FlashCards sobre Structured Computer Organization Chapter 1, criado por Sarah Hatcher em 05-05-2018.
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Sarah Hatcher
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