Flashcards
H&N4: Section 6+7
Flashcards do conjunto (20)
- 1Key structures on brainstemGracile and Cuneate Tubercles
Cerebral Aqueduct
Periaqueductal Gray Matter
Tectum and Tegmentum
Substantia Nigra
Red Nucleus - 2What do the vagal and hypoglossal trigones outline?These outline nuclei below the surface of the medulla which correspond to vagus nerve and hypoglossal nerve neurons
- 3Though which foramen in the skull does the vagus nerve exit?Jugular Foramen
- 4What does the vagus nerve supply?It supplies the pharyngeal constrictors, the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, skin around the external acoustic meatus, mucus membranes of the pharynx, larynx and oesophagus (in the head and neck at least)
It also carries some special sensory fibres from the base of the tongue. Its contribution to the pharyngeal plexus is via the cranial portion of the accessory nerve and through thus innervation, it reaches the palatoglossus muscle and levator veli palatini - 5Through which foramen does the hypoglossal nerve exit?Hypoglossal Canal
- 6What signs/symptoms would a patient with L/S hypoglossal nerve paralysis present with?Lesions of the hypoglossal nerve/nucleus results in paralysis of the ipsilateral muscles of the tongue
When protruded, the tongue will deviate towards the side of the lesion. In this example this will be the left side - 7Which ventricles of the brain does the cerebral aqueduct communicate with?third and fourth
- 8How does CSF exit the fourth ventricleThe CSF flows from the ventricle into the subarachnoid space through foramen Luschka, a paired lateral aperture on each side of the ventricle
It also leaves via foramen Magendie, a single median aperture
In this example, CSF flows into the cisterna magna, an opening in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges - 9What would be the consequence of congenital malformation blocking the cerebral aqueduct?Hydrocephalus
- 10With what sensory pathways are tectal neurons involved?Optic pathways
- 11Which part of the midbrain contains axons of the corticospinal tract?Cerebral Peduncles, part of the tegmentum
- 12What clinical condition is associated with degeneration of neurons contained in the substantia nigra?Parkinson's Disease
- 13Give 2 connections of the neurons contained in the red nucleus?To the rubrospinal tract
To the cerebral cortex
Cerebellum - 14What us the function and the components of the archicerebellum?The components are the flocculonodular lobe and the associated fastigal nuclei
Its function is associated with balance - 15What us the function and the components of the paleocerebellum?The components are the vermis and paravermis along with the globose and emboliform nuclei
Its function is associated with muscle tone and posture - 16What us the function and the components of the neocerebellum?The components are the cerebellar hemispheres and the large dendate nucleus
The function of this, the largest area of the cerebellum is muscular coordination including the trajectory, speed and force of movements - 17What extrapyramidal pathways are involved in the control of balance?The descending vestibulospinal tract and the reticulospinal tract
- 18What extrpyramidal pathways are involved in the control of muscle tone?The rubrospinal tract
- 19Which side of the body will be affected by damage to the left cerebellar hemisphere?A unilateral (single sided) lesion of the cerebellar hemisphere causes symptoms on the same side of the body
This in contrast to lesions of the cerebral cortex where symptoms are contralateral to the side of the lesion - 20What are the causes and likely consequences of tonsillar herniation?The causes can be congenital, but most frequently, it is the result of head trauma. A haemotoma causes increased intracranial pressure which causes the tonsils of the cerebellum to push through the foramen magnum causing compression of the lower brainstem
This is life threatening because it can interrupt or damage centres important for respiration and cardiac function.
Symptoms correlate with functional anatomy of the brainstem. These include cranial nerve problems (light reflexes), levels of consciousness (reticular activating system) and abnormal posturing (long tracts)
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- MBBS Nervous and Locomotor (Anatomy H&N4) FlashCards sobre H&N4: Section 6+7, criado por Krishna Patel em 11-01-2020.
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- Krishna Patel
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