Flashcards
Behavioural Studies
Flashcards do conjunto (43)
- 1What is behaviour?all observable processes by which an animal responds to perceived changes in the internal state of its body or in the external world
- 2What are the main methods used to measure behaviour?Repeatable measurement: consistency of behaviour patterns allow reliable observations & complex sets of actions can be ordered into recognisable units
Function of behaviour patterns: behaviours can be grouped into ether isolated actions or purposeful, complex actions in terms of function - 3What are some features & advantages of the repeatable measurement method of measuring behaviour?- individuals of the same species perform in the same way every time
- these actions can be given a term eg. scratching which can be distinguished from other behaviours eg. walking
- behaviours can be broken down into lower level units which add up into a repeatable pattern - 4What is the difference between isolated actions and purposeful, complex actions when grouping behaviour by function?Isolated actions - simple sets of motor responses eg. moving a limb
Purposeful, complex actions - sequences which have a functional outcome eg. searching for food - 5What questions do purposeful behaviours bring about?- how does purposefulness come about in natural systems?
- what does it imply about the organisms that show it? - 6What is goal-directedness behaviour?- describes organisms which generate internal representations of what has to be achieved to pursue a goal
- 7What is goal-achieving behaviour?- describes organisms which generate internal representations of the goal rather than the behavioural actions which result in it
- 8What is goal-seeking behaviour?- there is no representation/recognition of the goal or behaviour
- the attainment of that goal occurs due to physical forces acting on/within the system - 9What is the purpose of the levels of decision-making model of behaviour?- states there is a hierarchy of increasing flexibility of choice and sophistication which justifies thinking in terms of the 'mind' and 'intelligence' as opposed to pre-programmed stimulus-responses relationships
- 10What characterises Darwinian creatures?- decisions are genetically hard-wired so has the inflexible property of a particular genotype
- decision-makers compete for resources & the most effective genotypes reproduce - 11What characterises Skinnerian creatures?- phenotypic plasticity: choices are genetically encoded but allows for a variety of responses
- organisms have conditional flexibility: can increase beneficial behaviours - 12What characterises Popperian creatures?- thinking occurs though the available options & those that are obviously useless are discarded
- assumes a certain level of cognitive processing: internal machinery for storing, sifting and integrating information - 13What characterises Gregorian creatures?- the choice is informed and assisted by a cultural environment (eg. language)
- 14What did Koehler do?- conducted experiments on animals to test whether they had a "eureka" moment while problem-solving
- 15What is an example of how behaviours can encode information to achieve a goal?Waggle dance of bees: performed by returned foraging bees to indicate to other bees where food is
- even the angle & number of waggles can indicate in which direction & how far the other bees should fly to find food - 16How came up with the 4 questions of behaviour?Tinbergen
- 17What areas do Tinbergen's questions fall under?Why:
- evolution
- function
How:
- mechanism
- development - 18What questions stem from each of Tinbergen's areas?Evolution - what are the adaptations such that the animal can produce the behaviour?
Function - what is the purpose of the behaviour?
Mechanism - how is the behaviour implemented?
Development - what are the developmental processes that occur within the animal's life time which enable the behaviour? - 19Why are all of Tinbergen's questions important when studying animal behaviours?- the answers are complementary, not mutually exclusive
- the questions can be answered in parallel and at multiple levels - 20What are functional explanations?Ultimate explanations - concerned with the adaptive consequences of the behaviour and the reason it has evolved
- 21What are mechanistic explanations?Proximate explanations - concerned with the physical systems that influence the performance of that behaviour
- 22What are the explanations for social-grooming behaviour using Tinbergen's questions?Mechanism: sensori-motor skills
Development: social learning
Evolution: evolution of complex social groups
Function: hygiene and health - 23What are the levels of understanding for an explanation of the function of social grooming?Hygiene --> bonding --> maintaining hierarchy
- 24What were the two main historical approaches to animal behaviour by Darwin?Comparative psychology: the study of general processes
Ethology: the study of adaptive specialisation - 25What is the definition of ethology?- belief that behaviour evolved
- need to quantify behaviour
- attempts to relate behaviour to the natural environment in which it is adaptive - 26What is the definition of comparative psychology?- belief that humans are the same as animals and that in studying animals we can understand human behaviour
- sought general laws of behaviour that could be applied to all species - 27Who were the pioneers of Ethology?Niko Tinbergen & Konrad Lonrenz
- 28What was the main aim of ethology?- contributed theories surrounding the internal control mechanisms of behaviour & the extent to which this was genetically hard-wired & stereotyped within a species
- created links between mechanistic and motivational explanations - 29What are Fixed Action Patterns?- recognisable units of behaviour that are characteristic of a particular species
- 30What are the releasers of Fixed Action Patterns?Releasing stimuli: much of behaviour is elicited by simple external stimuli
- behaviours can be mimicked by unnatural stimuli which exaggerate certain aspects of the releasing stimuli - 31Who were the pioneers of comparative psychology?Thorndike & Skinner
- 32What did Thorndike's puzzle boxes show?- all animals seemed to learn the same way which suggested a universal mechanism for learning
CONCEPT: trial & error learning - 33What did Skinner's boxes show?- behaviours can be conditioned
CONCEPT: behaviourism - 34Comparison of ethology & comparative psychology - developed from?Ethology: zoology & taxonomy
Comparative psychology: the perspective of human psychology - 35Comparison of ethology & comparative psychology - where studied?Ethology: animals studied in the wild
Comparative psychology: animals usually studied in the lab - 36Comparison of ethology & comparative psychology - types of animals studied?Ethology: insects, birds & fish
Comparative psychology: rats, pigeons & primates - 37Comparison of ethology & comparative psychology - research emphasis?Ethology: stereotyped nature of behaviour
Comparative psychology: learning & intelligence in behaviour - 38Why might creating connectomes not be useful in the study of behaviour?- even nematodes with only 302 neurons have infinite possibilities of synaptic connections so the job is too great
- unlikely that mapping connections will aid the understanding of the entire organism - 39What are the traditional approaches linking neuroscience to behaviour?Single cell electrophysiology
Neuroanatomy - 40What did Ramon y Cajal do?The Neuron doctrine: describes the structure of the nervous system in terms of its basic functional units
- 41What does single cell electrophysiology allow us to do?- allows recording of the individual neurons to estimate the basis of behaviour
- has allowed breakthroughs such as orientation selectivity in V1 and collision detection in locusts
- cannot necessarily explain behaviour through observations - 42What areas of Neuroanatomy link to behaviour?- Broca's area
- Brodmann cytoarchitectural map
- Phineas Gage case study
- fMRI during tasks - 43What are two ways in which brain regions can be related to behaviour?Homunculi: proportionate depictions of animals based on areas of the cortex & number of neurons
Observations of brain area size: either specific to gender-based behaviours of distinctive behaviours across species
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- Neuroscience and Behaviour FlashCards sobre Behavioural Studies, criado por Amy Walker em 27-01-2020.
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- Amy Walker
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