Flashcards
ENV 101
Flashcards do conjunto (110)
- 1AtomsBasic unit of Matter made of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.
- 2ElementMade of One Type of Atom, Number of Protons determine Atoms Characteristics and name.
- 3IsotopesDerived by number of Neutrons, could be 1-3 more, adds more weight. May be radioactive, which emits radiation and decays over time
- 4IonsAtoms with + or - an electron, effects the charge of it (Positive if - , Neg. if + )
- 5MoleculesTwo or more atoms (same element) combined (O2)
- 6CompoundsMolecules made up of more than one element (H2O)
- 7Covalent bondsAtoms share electrons, creating a strong bond.
Nonpolar bonds share their electrons equally, Polar do not (Results in partial charges) - 8Ionic bondStrong bonds made by electrons transferred between atoms
- 9Dipole bondsWeak bonds, between atoms and molecules (Polar Covalent Bonds)
- 10Water(H2O), Polar Molecule that makes dipole bonds with other Water Molecules
(Gives it stability), Great Solvent (For Polars). As it heats, hydrogen bonds
are weakened. Boiling point: all of them are broken - 11AcidsMore Hydrogen than Hydroxide Ions
- 12BasesMore Hydroxide than Hydrogen Ions
- 13pH ScaleMeasures relative Hydrogen and Hydroxide levels in a liquid, lowest being acidic (0) and highest being base (14)
- 14Organic moleculesCompounds that contain carbon bonded to hydrogen and other
atoms. Essential to Life, can form four different bonds with other elements - 15HydrocarbonsCarbon and hydrogen, produced greatly when organisms decay
- 16carbohydrates (glucose)Basic form of energy, made of (CH2O)n (Glucose, n = 6.
Sugars anywhere n= 3 through 7) - 17Lipids(Fats and Oils) Long chains of Carbon, and hydrogen and a region for oxygen
molecules. Nonpolar, Nonsolvent, Important energy storage. - 18MacromoleculesSmall organic molecules (Split into Lipids, Carbs, proteins, nucleic
acids.) - 19PolymersBig chain of repetitive molecules, could be real or fake.
- 20PolysaccharidesPolymer of Glucose / Sugar molecules
- 21ProteinsPolymers made of nitrogen containing organic molecules, AKA Amino acids.
20 Diff. Amino Acids, all have Amino (-NH2) and Carboxylic (-COOH)
Catalysts (Promotes chemical reactions), Aka Enzymes - 22Nucleic acidsStores and transmits data, polymer made of Nucleotides. 5 Carbon
Sugar, phosphate group (-PO4) and nitrogenous base. - 23DNAHeredity Material made of Nucleic Acid, Coded with ATCG
- 24Energythe Capacity to do work (force applied on an object)
Kinetic: Energy in Motion
Potential: Energy Stored - 25Laws of thermodynamics1: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed
2: Energy Transformations increase Disorder - 26EntropySomething becoming disorderly overtime (through losing potential energy)
- 27Electromagnetic radiationEnergy that moves as photons in waves.
Gamma--Xrays--UVrays-VisibleLight-Infrared--TV--Radio - 28What is the essential compound needed for life?Water, Organic molecules (Carbon)
- 29What are the different parts of the Earth’s Interior?Crust, Mantle, Inner/Outer Core
- 30What is the most basic form of energy for most organisms?Glucose
- 31PhotosynthesisUses the Sun, (CO2), (H2O), to make Carbohydrates and O2
- 32ChemosynthesisCreate Sugars from Inorganic Chemicals, (CO2), (H2O), used by
Bacteria in extreme environments - 33cellular respirationConverts Biochem. Nutrients (Carbohydrates) into Energy (ATP)
for cellular functions. Needs oxygen, releases (CO2), (H2O) - 34anaerobic respirationSame as cellular, but without Oxygen, produces ethanol as
well. - 35Sexual reproductionNeeds two individuals, gametes produced to form a zygote.
- 36Asexual reproductionSimple cell division, identical offspring
- 37population growth rate(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)
- 38SurvivorshipProbability of an organism dying over a certain time
Type One: Most die old
Type Two: young and old die equally
Type Three: most die young - 39Carrying capacityThe number of organisms the environment can support
- 40Range of tolerancespan between min. and max values for survival (Ex: Temperature)
- 41HabitatEnvironment an organism depends on (Temp, Humidity, other elements)
- 42AdaptationsInherited mutation/genetic change for advantages (structure or function)
- 43Natural Selection“Most fit” leave more offspring, survive better
- 44Galapagos finchesHave different beak sizes for different feeding habits.
- 45Mutations“Random” changes in DNA, but do not “Try” to help the organism
necessarily - 46Types of natural selectionDirectional Selection: One extreme end of range of variation favored
Stabilizing Selection: Middle range of variation favored
Disruptive Selection: Both ends of the variation are favored instead of the Avg. - 47genetic driftchange in the frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a
population due to random events or sampling of organisms - 48founder effectGenetics change from immigration of small group to a new isolated
location - 49Speciesorganisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
- 50Allopatric reproductive isolationMountains, rivers. Example: Humans after many generations in distant planets
- 51Sympatric reproductive isolation• Behavioral (Courtship rituals)
• Structural (Genital incompatibility)
• Temporal (Different breeding seasons) - 52hierarchical systemShows evolutionary relationship
- 53Chloroplastwhere CO2 and light energy mix react with H2O in plant cell
(photosynthesis) - 54Net migrationhe difference between the number of immigrants (people coming into
an area) and the number of emigrants - 55structural isolationGenital incompatibility between species
- 56What are the requirements for photosynthesis?CO2 and Light
- 57What is the relationship between carrying capacity and resources?For a given region, carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a given species that an area's resources can sustain indefinitely without significantly depleting or degrading those resources.
- 58What determines population growth?rates of birth, death, immigration, and emigration.
- 59What organisms are most likely to survive during natural selection?the ones with better traits to adapt to the environment
- 60Where does photosynthesis occur?Chloroplast
- 61Pre-agricultural period100,000 years ago, culture developed, population 5-10 million
- 62agricultural period10,000 years ago, domesticating animals, 500+ million population
- 63industrial period1800, technology advanced, current era, 7 billion population
- 64demographic transition model(know all the stages, no way this is fitting on a notecard)
- 65birth ratesthe rate at which babies are born
- 66fertility ratesnumber of children per woman
- 67death ratethe rate at which people die
- 68infant mortality ratethe rate at which babies under 1 year old die
- 69age structure pyramidsGraphically display age structure
- 70net migration rateDifference between immigration and emigration
- 71Thomas Malthusnoted exponential growth
- 72sustainability vs carrying capacityactions that are in the interest of the planet vs the
amount our planet can survive off. - 73ecological footprintArea of land needed to supply resources consumed
- 74BiocapacityArea and quality of land to supply resources
- 75population vs. affluencethe ecological footprint in regards to wealth
- 76family planningvital to sustainability
- 77Ecological communitySpecies that interact within a specific area
- 78interspecific vs. intraspecific competitionTwo or more species compete for the
same resource vs same species competing for the same resource - 79competitive exclusion principleTwo species that directly compete for the same
resources cannot coexist - 80ecological nicheThe role an organism fills within its habitat
- 81fundamental nicheComplete range of areas in which an organism could exist
- 82realized nicheRange in which an organism actually exists due to competition
- 83warblers coexistencedifferent species feed in different portions of the forest canopy
- 84Exploitation competitionConsume resources faster
- 85Interference competitionStop competitor from consuming resources
- 86HerbivoryAdapted to feed on plant material
- 87PredationHunt, kill, and consume prey
- 88ParasitesDepend on living host for nourishment
- 89CoevolutionTit for tat (on-going) evolution of a prey and the species that consumes it
- 90MutualismBoth species benefit
- 91Symbiosisinteraction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.
- 92CommensalismOne species benefits, other unaffected
- 93energy flowTransfer and transformation of energy
- 94food chain/food websDepiction of feeding relationships among organisms
- 95primary producerTransform energy from sun or inorganic chemicals into carbohydrates
- 96primary consumerHerbivores
- 97secondary consumerCarnivores
- 98tertiary consumerTop carnivores
- 99DecomposersFeed on nonliving organic matter
- 100trophic levelsthe different levels of energy and consuming
- 101biomass energy pyramidthe total amount of energy they store decrease from one
trophic level to the next - 102trophic level efficiencyhow efficient the transfer of energy is
- 103keystone speciesKeystone species are important in stability of many food webs
- 104trophic cascadeLoss of carnivores can result in explosion of herbivores that destroy
primary producers - 105ecological legacyResources remaining after disturbance
- 106SuccessionPattern of change after disturbance
- 107pioneer species (primary succession facilitator)can survive in abiotic harsh
environments - 108secondary successionFollows disturbances that leave significant legacy
- 109BiodiversityThe variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
- 110How are warblers able to coexist?they are particular about the arboreal latitude at which they hunt their pre
Informações
- Descrição
- FlashCards sobre ENV 101, criado por Michael Cullen em 30-01-2020.
- Criado por
- Michael Cullen · jan 2020
- Atualizado
- 1 fev 2020
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