Flashcards
International Politics
Flashcards do conjunto (94)
- 13 Major Aspects of Global Change1. Nature of world order has changed
2. Growth of ideological, political and economic diversity
3. Changes in actors and ideas in global politics - 2Evolution of "Polarity" (4)1. Bipolarity: in the Cold War; 2 competing superpowers
2. Unipolarity: USA won the Cold War (90's)
3. Multipolar: several powerful global actors (early 2000's)
4. Nonpolar: no powers with single-handed influence on global politics (now) - 3BipolarityGlobal order divided between two competing superpowers during the Cold War (USA and Soviet Union); period of side-taking and division throughout the world
- 4Europe Back to the Future1990, John Mearsheimer
Europe is built on division; if this disappears, Europe will collapse into conflict and war. This is why Euroskepticism is on the rise as role of European Union increases - 5Political ReligionReligion has made a comeback in terms of political power, having much more power than it did during the Cold War. Political religion is now trumping political ideology
- 6Globalization-Caused Similarities (4)1. Global economic order (market driven)
2. Increasing interdependency
3. Communication technology (social media)
4. Democracy as political norm - 7Globalization-Caused Differences (2)1. Rise in political nationalism (ex. Euroskepticism)
2. Role of political religion - 8Actors in Global Politics (Then & Now)Before the Cold War, nation states were the only important political actors. Now, the state has taken a backseat in favour of NGO's, international and transnational organizations
- 9Crisis of the Nation StateMore states than ever before, but also rise in the idea that states are becoming less and less relevant (possibly because of globalization)
- 10Sub-State RegionalizationChallenging the state from within (usually from a smaller part of the state); challenges coming from below
Ex. Scotland challenging British state rule - 11Single Non-State ActorsActors which have no political power in theory, but still have a huge impact on politics/society (ex. terrorists)
- 12Ideas in World Politics (2 changes)1. Universalism of human rights: written into international agreement literature (UN, EU)
2. Sovereignty becoming less important - 13When did the Cold War start?Some say after the October Revolution in Russia in 1917; most say after WWII
Lasted until late 80's - 14Traditional Interpretation of Cold War (3)1. Struggle between two conflicting ideologies (bipolar)
2. Blamed on expansionist foreign policy of Soviet Union
3. USA defending against Soviet aggression - 15Revisionist Interpretation of Cold WarIn this theory, the Cold War is generally blamed on the USA, who was trying to achieve global domination
Soviet Union was defending themselves against US economic imperialism - 16Post-Revisionist Interpretation of the Cold War (3)1. No prime responsibility; pattern of action/reaction
2. Not so ideological, but power struggle for global influence
3. De-Europanization of Cold War (effect of Cold War all around the world) - 17Was the Cold War "War"? (4)Not war, but superpower competition; everything but warfare:
1. Economic competition
2. Propaganda
3. Competing ideology
4. Military competition (arms race) - 18DétentPeriod of lessening tensions after the death of Stalin; Khrushchev (new leader of Soviet Union) led radical de-Stalinization campaign
Peaceful coexistance, rather than inevitable warfare, with the West - 19Khrushchev's Secret SpeechSpeech given by Nikita Khrushchev which was distinctly critical of Stalin's regime and Stalin-model communism; marked the beginning of a period of détent during the Cold War
- 20Was the Cold War "Cold"? (3)Cold in terms of direct contact between USA/USSR, but instead there was proxy warfare and proxy conflict
1. Wars: Korea, Vietnam
2. Conflicts: Afghanistan, Iran, Cuban Missile Crisis
3. Uprisings against communism and capitalism (East Europe and South America) - 21Arms RaceCulmination of growth in science and technology since World Wars, applied to Cold War power competition
USA and Soviet Union engaged in rapidly building up armies through military conscription, as well as development of nuclear weapons - 22Nuclear Anti-Proliferation ActSigned by several countries (including USA, UK, France, USSR) to make sure that other countries could not develop nuclear power
- 23Mutually Assured DestructionNuclear weapons on either side of the Cold War meant that the bottom line was total annihilation; both sides knew that if nuclear warfare broke up they could destroy everything
- 24Helsinki Final ActPushed through during the period of détent of the Cold War, which finalized the creation of the OSCE
- 25Peace Movements during Cold WarHappened in both East and West; there was no popular support for the Arms Race; populations resented their government for causing such fear
- 26Gorbachev's Role in Soviet DeclineGorbachev recognized that, though USSR was militarily strong, it had a weak economic base. He implemented reforms, wanting to improve Soviet system from within, but inadvertently brought about Soviet collapse
- 27Strategic Defense InitiativePart of Ronald Reagan's "star wars" plan, which involved employing satellites in order to detect missiles and destroy them, thereby rendering MAD ineffective
- 28Why do policy makers need theory? (4)1. Making predictions
2. Understanding what is important
3. Evaluating existing policies
4. Understanding trends - 29Realism (in International Relations Theory) (5 assumptions)*Billiard ball metaphor
1. State-centric
2. Balance of power
3. Anarchy
4. Humans are selfish
5. Game theory - 30Variants of Realism (4)1. Classical realism
2. Neorealism
3. Offensive realism
4. Defensive realism - 314 Types of Liberalism*Each one has own card later
1. Commercial liberalism
2. Regulatory/institutional liberalism
3. Republican liberalism
4. Neoliberal idealism - 32Commercial LiberalismFocus on economic interdependence; theory that free trade is the key to global cooperation because as long as there is commercial interaction we all benefit
*State still focus of analysis - 33Regulatory/Institutional LiberalismHow state actors determine the rules for cooperation under anarchic systems (ex. in theory, United Nations governs state behaviour)
- 343 Roles of Insitutions in International Politics1. Facilitate information exchange
2. Formalize agreements
3. Enhance cooperation - 35Republican LiberalismLiberalism which concerns republics; heavily influenced by Enlightenment thinking
Relies on the Liberal Peace Theory - 36Liberal Peace TheoryThe theory that democracies do not go to war with other democracies for three reasons
1. Citizens are wary of war and states are accountable
2. Democracies share values
3. Negotiation over conflict - 37Neoliberal IdealismThe idea that liberal, democratic and capitalist systems are the only ones worth considering (think of Fukuyama's 'End of History' from 1991) - democracy is the end of the road; the best option
- 38Culturalist ConstructivismThe idea, in international theory, that in politics we construct ideas about identity of self, and identity of others (not exploring all sides, but demonizing an "other")
Also concerns constructing national interest as a means of justifying policy (national identity) - 39English School ConstructivismThe idea, in international theory, that norms are constructed (by the West), and then imposed as universal rules
States are more like a carton of eggs than billiard balls; international rules are put in place to protect some states - 40International Relations Theory (2 types)1. Problem solving theory: accepting the state of the world as framework for policy making
2. Critical theory: addressing world problems with the idea of CHANGING the world (ex. feminism) - 41"Rogue State" according to LitwakA state which demonstrates "external behaviour of concern"
- 42"Rogue State" according to Nincic (4 requirements)"Method of rule which violates international norms"
1. Violation of human rights
2. Pursuit of weapons of mass destruction
3. Terrorism
4. Territorial aggression - 43AppeasementAcceding to demands of aggressive states in order to prevent/avoid war. Heavily criticized since the disastrous consequences of the appeasement at Munich Agreement
- 44Munich AgreementSept 30, 1938
When the Allies agreed that Hitler's Germany was allowed to annex parts of Czechoslovakia which they considered "Sudetenland" - 45North Korea & Nincic's Definition of Rogue StatesThey are building up weapons of mass destruction, and could be accused of practicing terrorism and territorial aggression (Yeonpyeong killing)
- 46The Interview (2014)Comedy film about two men being sent to assassinate a current, living head of state (Kim Jong Un of North Korea) which raised a lot of controversy ("cyber-terrorism")
Lindsay Black says, for comparison, think of how the US would react to such a film being made about Obama - 47Crisis-Oriented NegotiationsMethod of international relations used by North Korea whereby they can use international crises in order to get what they want (ex. make threats which require negotiations to be on the table)
- 48ContainmentMethod adopted by USA (and allies) during the Cold War which was used to avoid both appeasement and war; involved containing communist threat by halting its spread wherever possible
- 49Multifaceted Approach to Containment (5)1. Economic sanctions/aid (to key areas)
2. Diplomatic negotiations
3. Media use (propaganda)
4. Psychological
5. Military use = bottom line - 50NSC-68American national security report from 1950 which outlined what containment will be, and set up the role USA would play in international politics (stressing USA as strong, special, powerful)
- 51Bombing of WansanUSA bombed North Korean town of Wansan in 1951, leading to the (not unsurprising) feeling of N. Korea that they were under threat; that USA had violated rules of war by bombing a civilian city
Contribution to why North Korea might view the outside world as a threat - 52North Korea After Cold War (4)1. Loses major allies (Soviet Union & China)
2. Economy collapse, leading to slight economic reform and things getting better
3. Economic reform replaced by military concentration (2002)
4. Rise as a problematic "rogue state" - 53Korean Energy Development Organization (timeline: 4)1. 1993; N. Korea threatens to withdraw from non-proliferation treaty
2. 1994; Carter negotiates with N. Korea (lessening tensions)
3. 1994-2000; period of improvements in relations & within N. Korea
4. Nov 2000; George W. Bush elected, and takes much harder line towards N. Korea - 54Sunshine PolicySouth Korean's policy from the early 90's until 2000, which involved engaging in peaceful negotiations with N. Korea (warming relations, returns to trade); lost in 2000 with South Korean regime change
- 55Problems of Sunshine Policy (3)1. North Korea still operating under military-first policy
2. North Korea fear of democracy/capitalism
3. South Korea frustrated with lack of recipocracy - 56Axis of EvilUsed by George W. Bush after 9/11 to describe problematic states; the members of this so-called axis is not consistent throughout Bush administration
Some argue N. Korea was added so it didn't look like Bush was only targeting Muslim countries - 57Bush's Hard-line Policy towards North KoreaThey must have complete, verifiable, irreversible disarmament before negotiations could continue
- 58Libya ModelIntense pressure (in the form of economic sanctions) on Gaddafi regime forced them to abandon their nuclear armament program (which then allowed them to "reenter" the international community)
- 59Blow-Back StatesConcerned with the unintended consequences of foreign policy action abroad (ex. CIA arms Afghanistan against the Soviet Union, and then the Al-qaeda can benefit from American military expertise and later use it against them)
- 60Language-Based Constructivist ApproachWhy does USA not invade North Korea?; the theory states that actions occur within diplomatic framework as agreed on by "players". Howard argues that because N. Korea has been in negotiations with USA for a long time, they are "playing by the rules". Relations with Iraq, however, has always been that of unilateral action (not negotiation)
- 61Fear of EscalationBleiker argues that the reason USA does not invade North Korea is because they know they have nuclear weapons, making invasion much more risky
- 623 Paradoxes within USSR before collapse1. Necessity of economic reform vs. inevitability of political stagnation
2. Totalitarian state vs. multinational/pluralist society
3. Gorbachev realized that they were a "giant on clay feet" - 63Decolonization "Turned Upside-Down"Rather than the colonies gaining independence from the colonizer, in terms of the Soviet Union, Russian Federation emancipated itself from it's own colonies
- 64Russian Independence from Soviet Union (3 factors)1. Power imbalance; Yeltsin vs. Gorbachev
2. No empire without Russia
3. Nationalism much stronger for Russian Federation than for Soviet Union - 65"Theft of the Century"After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the capitalization process of previously national goods was considered by some as "theft"; it was possible for key people to concentrate extreme wealth by privatizing that which used to be national wealth
- 66Russia's Impact on Global Affairs (7)1. Borders geopolitically trouble areas
2. Role in fighting transnational terrorism
3. Part of international institutions (UN, IMF, WB)
4. Determines security of Europe
5. Role in climate change (country size)
6. Energy superpower
7. Part of authoritarianism vs. democracy discussion - 67Conditions under Boris Yeltsin1991-2000
Local conditions: collapse, integration, political and economic chaos
International environment: Cold War defeat -> Western supremacy
Therefore Yeltsin adopted pro-Western foreign policy - 68Conditions under Vladimir Putin2000 -
Domestic conditions: economic recovery, state strengthening, political legitimacy
International environment: oil/gas price hikes, international terrorism, end of US supremacy
Putin's foreign policy concerned great power pragmetism and revisionism - 69Great Power Pragmatism/Revisionism (5 elements)1. Revisionist, assertive and aggressive power
2. Issue-based (rather than principles)
3. Ad hoc and strategic policy
4. Policy towards West: integration & confrontation
5. Focusing again on "near abroad" - 70Russian Priorities Concerning Near Abroad (5)1. Establishing border security
2. Maximizing economic opportunities
3. Protecting "fellow ethnic Russians" beyond Russian border
4. Gaining sphere of influence
5. Focus on Ukraine area - 71Common Foreign and Security PoliciesA concept which is controversial in Europe because, while Europe has proven to be able to be united and strong, European members can not agree on matters of foreign policy and security
- 72Coordination ReflexReaction from European Union member states to discuss national foreign policy decisions within the EU before acting, even though it is not required
- 73Foreign Policy Failures in EU (2)1. Bosnian civil war intervention
2. Opinion of American invasion of Iraq - 74Reasons for Increasing CFSP in EU (7)1. End to Cold War
2. Growing gap between EU/US
3. Risk of marginilization (rise of Rest)
4. Fear of internal division
5. Pressure from inside
6. Outside powers want to deal with the EU directly (not individual members)
7. Identity through foreign policy? - 75Soft PowerPower which attracts (recommends/persuades/seduces) in order to make another state do what they would not normally due (ex. European Union)
- 76Hard PowerState's ability to force (through military/coercion?) another state to do what they what they would otherwise not want to do
- 77Treaty of Lisbon & Foreign PolicyLisbon Treaty oversaw the creation of "high represententatives" with power over foreign affairs; not called "ministry of foreign affairs" because EU does not have the power to make collective foreign policy decisions (these representatives, therefore, must be politically weak)
- 78Federica MogheriniEssentially she is the minister for foreign affairs, although European Union language describing her job clearly distinguishes foreign policy in EU from national level foreign policy
- 79Instruments of CFSP (4)1. Trade (lifting restrictions, facilitating free trade)
2. Development aid
3. Diplomacy
4. Military capabilities (only possible if agreed on by all member states) - 80Colonialism vs. ImperialismColonialism: exploitation of land, settlement in foreign land, domination of foreign peoples
Imperialism: emphasizes the role of spreading ideology (political, economic and cultural domination) - settlement not necessary - 813rd WorldTraditionally, the third world is the non-West and the non-Soviet Union; developing nations
Controversial term - 82When did Colonialism End? (2 schools of thought)1. Liberalists think colonial period ended after WWII
2. Post-colonialists describe colonialism as colonial period + colonial legacies - 833rd World during Cold War (3)1. USA worried instability in 3rd world would lead to more communist countries
2. Creation of World Bank, IMF, to help develop 3rd world
3. Continued colonialist discourse; West "teaching" the rest how to develop properly - 84Western "Benevolence"Aspect of mainstream international development theories which describes the West as altruistically "helping" the 3rd world develop their economies
Ignores the fact that West also benefits greatly from having 3rd world dependent on their aid - 85Death Traps in 3rd WorldDevelopmental aid from the West into the 3rd world leads the peripheral countries to go way into debt to the West, become dependent and ultimately lose out
- 86Schools of Thought Concerning 3rd World during Cold War (3)According to Gaddis...
1. Peripheral states manipulating superpowers to achieve their own ends
2. Superpowers misunderstanding and underestimating periphery
3. 3rd world totally unimportant in Cold War (purely binary ideological struggle) - 87Centrality of 3rd World to Cold WarAccording Saull, the 3rd world was totally central in the development of the Cold War. Look at all the stuff that happened in the periphery: Korean War, Vietnam War, Cuban Missile Crisis
- 88USA/USSR Management of Periphery during Cold WarUSSR: intent on ideological victories of communism over capitalism (3rd world allies = economic burden)
USA: exercised influence through multinational corporations (trade gave them the ability to dominate political, social and economic affairs in periphery) - 89Non-Alignment Movement Goals (6)1. Great power disarmament
2. Anti-Cold War alliances
3. Elimination of colonialism/imperialism
4. Economic development
5. Self-determination
6. Democratizing UN - 901983 NAM MeetingRoughly twenty years after NAM was formed, things were starting to divide; certain members were undermining core goals (ex. China developing nuclear weapons)
They also became more and more divided between liberalism vs communism, despite original intentions - 91Failed State (6 traditional aspects)State where the government is not able to govern
1. Can't provide safety or other public goods
2. No monopoly on use of violence
3. Illegitimate (nationally or internationally)
4. Civil war perpetuated
5. Harbours terrorists/criminals
6. Run by warlords - 92Why do states fail? (3)1. War is perpetuated by actors who benefit from continued violence
2. Corruption
3. Bound to fail (historical context) - 93"Fixing" Failed States (5)1. State building
2. Reform (to democracy + capitalism)
3. Aid
4. Guidance
5. Instituting international trusteeships - 94Problems with Failed State Theory (5)1. Don't hear voice of "other"
2. Justifies Western intervention
3. Ignores Western role in failed states (ex. colonialism)
4. Orientalist
5. Cookie-cutter policies applied everywhere the same way
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- Descrição
- final Imperial Russia FlashCards sobre International Politics, criado por Emily Fenton em 24-03-2015.
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- Emily Fenton
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