Flashcards
C1-3 OCR
Flashcards do conjunto (80)
- 1C1C1
- 2What gases does the air contain?78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other
- 3What does oxygen react with most metals to make?Solid metal oxides
- 4When and how was Earth's atmosphere created?About 4billion years ago by gases produced by volcanoes.
- 5List the stages of the atmosphere4billion years ago the Earth's atmosphere was very hot.
As the Earth cooled, oceans formed.
3billion years ago, bacteria formed that used photosynthesis.
CO2 was removed by the bacteria and released oxygen. Animals started to evolve.
Animals dying and being buried helped remove CO2.
Buried material became fossil fuels over millions of years.
CO2 dissolves in oceans, reacting with salts and creating Calcium Carbonate.
This forms sediments which are buried to create rocks. - 6What did scientists believe to Earth's early atmosphere was made of? What do they now believe?Used to think it was made of ammonia and methane.
Now believe it was mainly made up off CO2 - 7Examples of pollutantsCarbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide.
- 8What are the dangers of CO to humans and animals?Reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood.
- 9What is the definition of 'good' air quality? What is the definition of 'poor'?Good: Few pollutants.
Poor: Lots of pollutants. - 10What is the result of burning fuels?Releases CO2 and particulates. Especially soot.
- 11How does CO2 link to climate change?Uses the greenhouse effect to create a layer and trap heat in the atmosphere.
- 12Poor pollution can cause humans to die from...Asthma, heart disease and lung disease.
- 13What makes acid rain?Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.
- 14What are small amounts of CO2 measured in?parts per million (ppm)
- 15What are other pollutant gases measured in?Parts per billion (ppb)
- 16Where is air pollution measured at?Monitoring stations, data is then transmitted to a central computer to be analysed.
- 17What is oxygen needed for in burning?To release energy
- 18What contain hydrocarbons? What do they use it for?Anything with hydrogen and carbon.
Petrol, diesel and fuel oil. - 19What is coal made up of?Carbon atoms
- 20The equation for hydrogen burninghydrogen fuel + oxygen ----> carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)
- 21Define oxidationWhen oxygen is added to a substance.
- 22Define reductionWhen oxygen is removed from a substance
- 23Define combustionAn oxidation reaction
- 24What do atoms or non metals form to make?Molecules
- 25What happens when sulphur is burned?Makes a colourless gas called Sulphur dioxide
- 26What happens when sulphur dioxide reacts with water?An acid solution
- 27Acid rain is an indirect or direct pollutant?Indirect
- 28What is always formed when fuel is burned?CO2
- 29What happens when there isn't enough oxygen when burning?Carbon monoxide and soot is made.
- 30What gas do cars make at high temperatures?Nitrogen oxides
- 31Carbon monoxide and carbon particulates are created when what reaction occurs?Incomplete combustion
- 32Which fuels make less sulphur dioxide when burnt? Coal, or oil and gas.Oil and gas
- 33How can we get rid of poisonous gases in power stations?Electrostatic filters
- 34How can we get rid of sulphur dioxide?Wet scrubbing
- 35What are the two methods of wet scrubbing? How does it work?Using an alkaline slurry or using sea water, which has natural alkaline.
The alkaline neutralises the acid in sulphur dioxide. - 36Name ways to reduce the use of fossil fuels.Using alternative energy sources, improving building insulation, and reducing our use of cars.
- 37What are biofuels?Biofuels are made from plants. They are burned to create energy, and are a more environmentally friendly version of fossil fuels.
They can come as wood chips, palm oil, and alcohol made from sugar. - 38What's the definition of sustainable?A material that we can take now without damaging the Earth for, or future generations.
- 39What happens in a catalytic converter?Allows pollutant gases to react with each other.
carbon monoxide + nitrogen monoxide ---> nitrogen + carbon dioxide - 40C2C2
- 41Define melting pointTemperature a solid turns into a liquid
- 42Define tensile strengthThe force needed to break a material when stretched
- 43Define compressive strengthThe force needed to crush a material when squeezed
- 44Define stiffnessForce needed to bend a material
- 45Define hardnessHow well a material stands to wear.
- 46Define densityThe mas of a given volume of a material.
- 47What does effectiveness and durability of a product rely on?The materials used to make it. Some can be spun or woven into thread.
- 48Define the properties of metalsShiny, malleable and electrical conductors
- 49Define the properties of ceramics. What are they?Ceramics are hard and strong.
Examples are clay, glass and cement. - 50What are polymers?Large molecules used to make rubbers, plastics and fibres.
- 51What is concrete made up of?Sand and cement
- 52What is bronze made up of?Copper and tin
- 53Name some natural materials from living thingsCotton, paper, silk, and wool.
- 54Name natural materials from the earth?Limestone, iron ore, and crude oil.
- 55What is crude oil made up of?Thousands of hydrocarbons.
- 56How are synthetic materials made?They are manufactured by chemical reactions using raw materials.
- 57Give reasons why synthetic has replaced some natural materials?Natural materials are in short supply, synthetic can be designed for suitable properties, they're cheaper and they can be made in demand.
- 58What are the processes of fractional distillation?1) Oil is heated up, turning it all into gases.
2) As the distillation tower gets higher, it gets cooler.
3) Liquids with similar boiling points are collected together. These are fractions. - 59What increases as the hydrocarbon chain lengthens?The force between molecules.
- 60How is a polymer made?Polymerisation
- 61What makes polyethene?Ethene
- 62What does PET make? What are the properties?Drinks bottles.
Clear, strong, low density, and doesn't shatter. - 63How do you alter polymer chains?Replacing hydrogen atoms with other atoms.
- 64Are forces stronger when polymers are further or closer apart?Closer
- 65What happens with a stronger force?More energy is needed to separate them and there is a higher melting point.
- 66What properties do Low density polyethene have?Long molecules with branches. Make them weak, flexible, soft, and have low melting points.
- 67What properties do high density polyethenes have?Long chains without branches; molecules are aligned close together. Stronger, hard, and stiff.
- 68What are plasticisers do? What do they do?They are small molecules are inserted into the chains to keep them apart; weakening the forces between them. Make a polymer softer.
- 69What do thermoplastics do?They are heated and can be moulded into shape.
- 70What do thermosetting plastics do?They don't melt or soften when heated. They contain crosslinks which lock the molecules into place.
- 71What happens when crystallinity is increased?Is increased by removing branches, making the chains as flat as possible. This is so the chains can line up neatly.
- 72What is the width of a human hair?0.1mm
- 73What are nanoparticles?Materials containing upto thousands of atoms.
- 74How are nanoparticles created?Naturally, such as salt.
Accident, such as solid particulates.
Can be designed in labs. - 75What is nanotechnology?The control of very small structures.
- 76What are buckyballs?Very strong carbon spheres made up of 60 carbon atoms.
- 77What are silver nanoparticles used for?Killing bacteria. Can be found in plasters and socks.
- 78What are titanium oxide nanoparticles used for?For sunscreen. They are transparent and absorb light.
- 79What are the risks of nanoparticles?Silver nps can be washed out and end up in our sewers. Causing friendly bacteria used to purify water to be killed.
Effects of nanoparticles have not been fully explored. - 80C3C3
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- FlashCards sobre C1-3 OCR, criado por mollytils em 13-05-2015.
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