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Flashcards

P101- Learning and Forgetting

Brylene Enecillo Inglês 85 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (85)

  1. 1defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience (Feldman, 1996).Learning
  2. 2refers to a process wherein learning takes place when one is able to establish an association between a stimulus and a response.Conditioning
  3. 3Two kind of conditioningClassical and operant
  4. 4learning by associationClassical Conditioning
  5. 5learning to perform a specific behaviorOperant Conditioning
  6. 6types of reinforcersPrimary vs. Secondary
    Positive vs. Negative
    Social, Token and activity reinforces
  7. 7type of learning that occurs in social situations by watching other people.Observational Learning
  8. 8A person learns by imitating the behavior of a model.Observational Learning
  9. 9Before a person can reproduce a model’s action, he or she must attend to what the model is doing or saying.Attention
  10. 10To reproduce a model’s action, you must encode and store the information in memory so that it can be retrieved.Retention
  11. 11An individual might pay attention and store in memory what he or she has seen, but because of limitations in motor development he or she may not be able to reproduce the model’s action.Motor reproduction
  12. 12A person may be able to attend to what a model says or does, retain the information in memory, and possess the capability to perform the action but we may fail to imitate the behavior of the model because of lack of reinforcement or incentive.Reinforcement
  13. 13Insight learning was identified byWolfGang Kohler
  14. 14a type of learning or problem solving that happens all-of-a-sudden through understanding the relationships various parts of a problem rather than through trial and error.Insight Learning
  15. 15involves the use of words: reading, reciting, discussing etcVerbal learning
  16. 16A person may learn quickly while another one learns slowly because of difference in personal characteristicsIndividual characteristics
  17. 17refers to the intelligence of the individual as measured by intelligence tests. Researches reveal that intelligence is positively related to learning. Generally, people with higher IQ learn new materials more rapidlyMental Capacity
  18. 18This refers to the learner’s desire to learn. An individual learns more efficiently if he intends to learn.Motivation
  19. 19Most of us carry a certain amount of this that affects our ability to learnAnxiety
  20. 20Generally, This level that is considered extreme (very low & very high) is detrimental to performance while a moderate amount of this is beneficial to performance. Also, level of this does not seem to affect learning of tasks but it may influence the learning of more complicated tasks.Anxiety
  21. 21This refers to the previous learning experiences of the individual. The amount of transfer from previous learning will influence learning at the present. The more the nature of previous learning and present learning are related, the more learning is facilitated.Sophistication
  22. 22This refers to the physical and mental readiness of the individual to learn.Sophistication
  23. 23One of the most important factors determining how rapidly a person learns is the rate at which he practices the task. There are learning tasks that can be learned more efficiently if practice periods are interspersed with periods of rest than does continuous or massed practice. Motor tasks are some of those that can be learned more by efficiently by distributed practice.Distribution of Practice
  24. 24Learning is facilitated if the person has knowledge of the results of his performance.Immediate Feedback
  25. 25the learner is able to strengthen correct responses and change the incorrect ones.Immediate Feedback
  26. 26requires the individual to learn the entire task at one time.Whole vs. Part learning
  27. 27learning how to type or drive a car may be more efficient and effectiveWhole vs. Part learning
  28. 28Merely reading is said to be vastly inferior to reading plus active recitation. Learning is much less effective if you only read something without reciting.Active learning
  29. 29This is dependent on the associations evoked by the tasks to be learned. Learning is facilitated if the task is associated with earlier established sets of association or phenomenon.Meaningfulness of the task
  30. 30Generally, complex tasks are more difficult to learn than the simple ones. Complicated tasks require more time and practice to master then the more simple ones.complexity of the task
  31. 31learning task is presented in a series, usually the ones at the beginning and at the end are the easiest to learn. The most difficult are the tasks located at the middle of the series.Serial position effect
  32. 32a person learning new skills makes many errors in the first attempt but, with continuous practice, the number of errors is reduced.Accuracy of responce
  33. 33a decrease in the amount of time required to perform a task correctly or an increase in the number of work units done in a given amount of time.Speed of Responce
  34. 34the probability of desired responses increases as the reward response increases.Strength of Responce
  35. 35the probability of desired responses increases as the learner makes more correct responses.Probability of response
  36. 36a decrease in energy output while performing the task.Effort in responce
  37. 37defined as the storing information over time.Memory
  38. 38acquisition of new information by perceiving it and recording its important features. Effective encoding entails arousal and attention. In order to receive and encode any time of information, we must pay attention to it. In other words, the information must stimulate our interestEncoding
  39. 39holding the information for later use – perhaps less than 1 second or 20 years.Storage
  40. 40The memory system that holds information coming in through the senses for a very brief period (fleeting) after the physical stimulus is no longer available. It ranges from a fraction of a second to several secondsSensory Memory
  41. 41Memory that lasts less than ½ secondVisual Sensory Memory
    (Iconic Memory)
  42. 42Memory that lasts 2 to 3 secondsAuditory sensory memory (echoic memory)
  43. 43working memoryShort term memory
  44. 44It is the aspect of memory that you are aware of, or can bring back very quickly and easilyShort term memory
  45. 45It is where you do your thinking and imaginingShort Term memory
  46. 46mental workspace a person uses to keep in mind tasks being thought about at any given momentShort term memory
  47. 47It stores information that are decades old, as well as memories encoded only a few ago. These memories are much more permanent than those stored in sensory and short-term memoryLong term Memory
  48. 48this contains the memories that we hang on to for a long time - our whole lives, often enough.Long term Memory
  49. 49What are the subsystem of long term memory?Declarative And non declarative memory
  50. 50The subsystem within long-term memory that stores facts, information, and personal life experiencesDeclarative memory
  51. 51The two types of declarative memorySemantic Memory
    episodic memory
  52. 52The subpart of declarative memory that stores general knowledge; a mental encyclopedia or dictionary – Brain-imaging studies show that the range of activity for semantic memory is larger in the left than in the right hemisphereSemantic memory
  53. 53The subpart of declarative memory that contains memories of personally experienced eventsEpisodic memory
  54. 54The subsystem within long-term memory that consists of skills acquired through repetitive practice, habits, and simple classically conditioned responsesNon declarative Memory
  55. 55an extremely vivid memory of the conditions surrounding one’s first hearing the news of a surprising, shocking, or highly emotional eventFlashbulb memories
  56. 56refers to the process of remembering the stored information.Retrieval
  57. 57What are the two common method of retrieving information?Recall
    recognition
  58. 58the individual is asked to retrieve the information that is no longer present to the senses. It requires a reproduction of the information learned earlierRecall
  59. 59alternatives are given or presented and the individual is required to identify the familiar or the correct one.Recognition
  60. 60refers to partial or total loss of information previously learned.Forgetting
  61. 61This theory claims that memory traces are formed in the brain in the process of learning. With the passage of time these traces decay when not rehearsed or not in use. Your memory simply fades away.Decay Theory
  62. 62This theory states that forgetting occurs because other items get in the way in the process of remembering the information.interference theory
  63. 63The two types of interference theoryRetroactive
    proactive
  64. 64interference occurs when new information interfered with the retrieval of a previously learned material.Retroactive interference
  65. 65occurs when old learning interferes with the retrieval of newly learned information.Proactive interference
  66. 66The theory says that we can forget what we like to forget.Theory of motivated forgetting
  67. 67The individual uses a defense mechanism called repression where in traumatic or guilt-provoking experiences are pushed into the unconscious making the person forget them.Theory of motivated Forgetting
  68. 68refers to impairment in memory in the absence of a general loss of intellectual function. It could be caused by brain damage due to accidents (organic) or a traumatic experience (psychological)Amnesia
  69. 69Two types of amnesiaRetrograde
    Anterograde
  70. 70refers to the inability to remember information or experiences prior to an accident that caused brain damage or the traumatic experience.Retrograde Amnesia
  71. 71refers to the inability to remember information or experiences after an accident that caused brain damage or after a traumatic experience. However, learned information and experiences before the accident or the traumatic experiences can be remembered.Anterograde Amnesia
  72. 72refers to loss of memory and general decline in intellectual function brought about by degeneration of brain cells. One of the common causes of dementia among the elderly is Alzheimer’s disease. The problem lies with short-term and long-term memory.Dementia
  73. 73refer to strategies used to improve memory thereby minimizing forgetting. Some of these strategies include rehearsal, imagery and organization.Mnemonics
  74. 74entails the practice of the information over and over again until it becomes firmly fixed in our memory. This process of over learning can help us retain information for a longer period of time.Rehearsal
  75. 75A technique used to encode information into long-term memory by considering its meaning and associating it with other information already stored in long-term memoryElaborative rehearsal
  76. 76Ideas or things to be remembered are connected to objects located in a familiar locationMethod of Loci
  77. 77Ideas or things to be remembered are connected to specific wordsPegword Method
  78. 78Information to be remember is arranged in a rhymeRhyming
  79. 79The first letter of each word in a list is used to make a sentenceInitial Letter
  80. 80refers to the mental representation of objects. Forming mental images can be done through the method of loci and the peg method.Imagery
  81. 81refers to the systematic storing of information in memory. It is said that long-term memory is like a huge library. Unless the information is stored in organized fashion, you will not be able to retrieve an item when you need it.Organization
  82. 82refers to various techniques of studying designed to improve SQ3R (survey, question, read, recite, review) technique.Study Method
  83. 83a person's capacity to (1) acquire knowledge (i.e. learn and understand), (2) apply knowledge (solve problems), and (3) engage in abstract reasoning.Intelligence
  84. 84the score you get on an intelligence test.Intelligence quotient
  85. 85relatively new approach is the theory of "multiple intelligences";Gardner's theory

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FlashCards sobre P101- Learning and Forgetting, criado por Brylene Enecillo em 28-11-2021.
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