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Flashcards

rivers

amelie treadaway Geography GCSE Inglês 57 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (57)

  1. 1what is the discharge of the river?The amount of water at a given point and time.
  2. 2what is the velocity of the river?the speed of the river.
  3. 3what is the gradient?the steepness of the land.
  4. 4What happens to the channel width and depth downstream?both increase.
  5. 5what happens to the velocity downstream?it increases.
  6. 6what happens to discharge downstream?it increases.
  7. 7what happens to gradient downstream?it decreases.
  8. 8How many metres above sea level is the source of the river dee?460m
  9. 9What is the average annual rainfall at the source of the River Dee?over 3000mm
  10. 10What is the geology like near the source of the River Dee?mainly hard igneous rock
  11. 11In the middle course, how does the river now erode?laterally
  12. 12What is the average annual rainfall in the lower course on the River Dee?Less than 750mm
  13. 13What type of rocks does the River Dee flow through in the lower course?mainly soft sedimentary rock
  14. 14How long is the River Dee?110km
  15. 15Where is the mouth of the River Dee?Where the river meets the Irish Sea between Wales and the Wirral Peninsula
  16. 16Which of the following is an example of the impact the UK’s weather and climate has one river processes (e.g. erosion rates)?Rivers in wetter climates will erode more material than those in dryer climate
  17. 17Which of the following is an example of the impact of the UK’s weather and climate on river landforms and landscapes?In winter the differences between day and night temperatures can cause freeze-thaw mechanical weathering on riverbanks.
  18. 18Which 2 landforms are found in the upper course of a river?interlocking spurs and waterfalls
  19. 19Which 4 landforms are found in the middle and lower course of a river?Meanders, river cliffs, point bars and oxbow lakes
  20. 20Which 2 landforms are found in the lower course of a river?floodplains and levees
  21. 21Explain the formation of v-shaped valleys and interlocking spurs with reference to geology and erosion processes.The discharge is very small in the upper course so the river has very little energy to erode, and the rocks tend to be more resistant to erosion (igneous and metamorphic). The river does erode vertically due to the pull of gravity as it is an upland area. This creates v-shaped valleys. There is very little lateral erosion due to the low level of energy, so the river flows around the spurs rather than eroding them, resulting in the formation of interlocking spurs.
  22. 22Explain the formation of waterfalls with reference to geology and erosion processes.Waterfalls form when hard rock is above soft rock. The soft rock is eroded more quickly than the hard rock by processes such as hydraulic action and abrasion. This leaves an overhang of hard rock which eventually collapses due to the pull of gravity, which results in the formation of the plunge pool. Over time, the soft rock is further eroded, so a new overhang forms and the process repeats. The waterfall retreats resulting in the formation of a steep sided gorge.
  23. 23Explain the formation of meanders with reference to depositional and erosion processes.Meanders occur in the middle and lower course of the river. Discharge has increased and so the river has more energy to erode laterally, resulting in the river meandering. The fastest flow is on the outside of the bend, where it is deepest and so where the effect of friction is less. The faster flow has more energy to erode by processes such as hydraulic action and abrasion. Eventually the eroded bank collapses, leaving a steep river cliff. The slower flow is on the inside bend where the water is shallower and so where friction with the river bed is greatest. The slower flow has less energy and so the river deposits its load, resulting in the formation of a point-bar.
  24. 24Explain the formation of oxbow lakes with reference to deposition and erosion processes.Erosion processes such as hydraulic action and abrasion cause the neck of the meander to become narrower. During times of flood the river’s velocity increases and so it has more energy to erode. This can result in the river breaking through the neck of the meander. The river now flows straight and so the fastest flow which greater energy to erode is in the centre of the channel, and the slower flow is at the sides. Deposition takes place as the sides due to the slower flow having less energy to transport load. This deposition eventually cuts off the meander, creating an oxbow lake.
  25. 25Explain the formation of floodplains with reference to deposition and erosion processes.Floodplains can be created by both migrating meanders and floods. Migrating meanders erode the valley sides laterally by processes such as hydraulic action and abrasion, resulting in the flattening of the valley sides and so the creation of a floodplain. When a river floods it deposits its load across the valley, which flattens the land, again creating a floodplain. The heaviest material is deposited first as the river doesn’t have the energy to transport it, and the lighter material is deposited further across the floodplain. This is called sequential deposition.
  26. 26Explain the formation of levees with reference to deposition.When a river floods it deposits its load across the valley. The heaviest material is deposited first as the river doesn’t have the energy to transport it (sequential deposition). This material builds up resulting in the creation of raised river banks called levees. As the river floods more over time, the levees become larger.
  27. 27How is the River Dee an important economic resource for the area?94% of the River Dee’s catchment is rural, including forestry, sheep farming and pasture in the upper valley, and dairy farming, and arable farming in the lower valley.
  28. 28Give an example of how urbanisation has affected rivers, such as the River Dee.it has caused more flooding
  29. 29Give an example of how Agriculture has affected rivers, such as the River Dee.Farmers are using more chemical fertilisers , which have an impact on the ecology of the river, causing algae bloom and water channels to become clogged with vegetation.
  30. 30Give an example of how industry has affected rivers, such as the River Dee.In the summer the River Dee’s natural flow does not provide enough water to meet the demand for industry and people. Growing demand in the 1960s led to a number of reservoirs being built to store water during the winter months.
  31. 31What is the difference between physical and human causes of flooding?Physical causes are natural, whereas human are man-made.
  32. 32Explain how heavy rainfall increases the risk of flooding.If there has been rain for a number of days then the ground becomes saturated. The water then flows straight into the rivers causing them to flood.
  33. 33Explain how impermeable rock increases the risk of flooding.Rainwater cannot soak through rock like granite so it will flow straight to the river as surface run-off.
  34. 34Explain how an increase in temperature after snowfall increases the risk of flooding.This will cause the snow to melt, resulting in a rapid increase in the amount of water entering the river, increasing the flood risk.
  35. 35Explain how a long period of dry, hot weather increases the risk of flooding.This will cause the soil to become very hard so water cannot soak through it. As a result rainwater will run straight to the river, increasing the amount of water at one time, and so increasing the flood risk.
  36. 36Explain how river beds that have become silted up increase the risk of flooding.This makes the channel smaller and so there’s less room for water, which increases the chances of a flood.
  37. 37Explain how steep valley sides increase the risk of flooding.Rainwater quickly runs down the steep slopes, resulting in more water entering the river at one time, so increasing the chance of a flood.
  38. 38Explain how deforestation increases the risk of flooding.There is less interception of rainwater by the leaves, and less water is soaked up by roots. Therefore, water reaches the river more quickly increasing the chance of it flooding.
  39. 39Explain how building on the flood plain (urbanisation) increases the risk of flooding.Water is unable to soak through tarmac and so it runs straight to the river as surface run-off.
  40. 40Explain how farmers ploughing up and down slopes instead of around the hillside can increase the flood risk.The channels created by the plough allow rainwater to travel faster to the river, so the river receives more water at one time, increasing the risk of flooding.
  41. 41Explain how a bursting dam can increase the risk of flooding.Excess water will enter the river channel, causing the flooding of a large area.
  42. 42Give the three main reasons for why there is an increasing flood risk in the UK.Climate change, warmer temperatures and more rain.
  43. 43How is the River Dee an important economic resource for the area?94% of the River Dee’s catchment is rural, including forestry, sheep farming and pasture in the upper valley, and dairy farming, and arable farming in the lower valley.
  44. 44Give an example of how urbanisation has affected rivers, such as the River Dee.it has caused more flooding
  45. 45Give an example of how Agriculture has affected rivers, such as the River Dee.Farmers are using more chemical fertilisers , which have an impact on the ecology of the river, causing algae bloom and water channels to become clogged with vegetation.
  46. 46Give an example of how industry has affected rivers, such as the River Dee.In the summer the River Dee’s natural flow does not provide enough water to meet the demand for industry and people. Growing demand in the 1960s led to a number of reservoirs being built to store water during the winter months.
  47. 47What is the difference between physical and human causes of flooding?Physical causes are natural, whereas human are man-made.
  48. 48Explain how heavy rainfall increases the risk of flooding.If there has been rain for a number of days then the ground becomes saturated. The water then flows straight into the rivers causing them to flood.
  49. 49Explain how impermeable rock increases the risk of flooding.Rainwater cannot soak through rock like granite so it will flow straight to the river as surface run-off.
  50. 50Explain how an increase in temperature after snowfall increases the risk of flooding.This will cause the snow to melt, resulting in a rapid increase in the amount of water entering the river, increasing the flood risk.
  51. 51Explain how a long period of dry, hot weather increases the risk of flooding.This will cause the soil to become very hard so water cannot soak through it. As a result rainwater will run straight to the river, increasing the amount of water at one time, and so increasing the flood risk.
  52. 52Explain how river beds that have become silted up increase the risk of flooding.This makes the channel smaller and so there’s less room for water, which increases the chances of a flood.
  53. 53Explain how steep valley sides increase the risk of flooding.Rainwater quickly runs down the steep slopes, resulting in more water entering the river at one time, so increasing the chance of a flood.
  54. 54Explain how deforestation increases the risk of flooding.There is less interception of rainwater by the leaves, and less water is soaked up by roots. Therefore, water reaches the river more quickly increasing the chance of it flooding.
  55. 55Explain how building on the flood plain (urbanisation) increases the risk of flooding.Water is unable to soak through tarmac and so it runs straight to the river as surface run-off.
  56. 56Explain how farmers ploughing up and down slopes instead of around the hillside can increase the flood risk.The channels created by the plough allow rainwater to travel faster to the river, so the river receives more water at one time, increasing the risk of flooding.
  57. 57Explain how a bursting dam can increase the risk of flooding.Excess water will enter the river channel, causing the flooding of a large area.

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GCSE Geography FlashCards sobre rivers, criado por amelie treadaway em 27-03-2022.
Criado por
amelie treadaway · mar 2022
Atualizado
19 abr 2023
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