Flashcards
grammar II
Flashcards do conjunto (51)
- 1Unidad 1: Then simple sentence. Simple sentence: Parts of the sentence:Simple sentence: unite made up of one clause. Contains only one subject and predicative.
Parts of the sentence: subject, verb, complement, subject complement, object complement, object, adverbials. - 2Explain the parts of the sentence: s vSubject: noun phrase, precedes the verb, determines concord, becomes the agent in passive form, change its position in questions.
Verb: is a kind of word that tells about the action or state, it's the main part of the sentence, changes to show present or past. - 3Explain the parts of the sentence: objectsObjects: follows the verb phrase svo, noun phrase, after transitive verbs. Two types:
- DO: refers to the person/thing affected by the verb.
-IO: refers to the person who os benefits from or receives the action of the verb, precedes the DO, if there's an IO, the DO must be present in the sentence, is often equivalent to a prep.p with "for" or "to". - 4Explain the parts of the sentence: complementsComplements: it's a constituent that is necessary to complete a grammatical construction.
-SC: noun phrase / adj. phrase, the subject and the complement refers to the same person/thing.
-SO: noun phrase / adj phrase, it follows the object and characterizes it. - 5Explain the parts of the sentence: adverbialsAdverbial: it's a constituent that may be optional, adverb phrase / noun phrase / prep. phrase, answer the questions "whay", "where", "how", "when".
- 6Kinds of verbs:-Current linking verb: (svc-sva) express states or conditions and they never takes objects but complements (the c refers to the s).
-Resulting linking verb: (svc)
these verbs indicate that the c is the result of a process decribed by the verb. - 7KInds of verbs:-Intansitive: (sv)
they do not admit passive and don't take objects, except adv or prep. p.
-Transitive:
>Monotransitive: (svo)
>Ditransitive: (svoo)
>Complex transitive: (svoc-svoa)
°Svoc: the c refers to the o (adj.p or NP)
°Svoa: the object and the adverb are obligatiry elements. - 8Verbs patterns:-Gerunds: is a noun made from a verb by adding "ing". The gerund from of the verb "read" is "reading". You can use a gerund as s, c and o.
-Infinitives: the infinitive from of "learn" is "learning". You can use it as the s, c and o of the sentence.
-Gerunds and inf: both of them can be used as the s and c of a sentence. However, gerunds are usually sound more normal spoken English, whereas the infinitives sound more abstract. As the object is more difficult to choose between the because they are not normally interchangeable. The main verb determines ehether you use a gerund or infinitive. - 9Verbs that only take "infinitive":Afford, agree, appear, choose, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse, want, ask, learn, explain, need.
Ej: she's decided to apply for the job.
Ej: she wants to go to a movie.
Ej: Mary needs to tal about her problems. - 10Verbs that only take "ing":Admit, anticipate, avoid, consider, continue, deny, descuss, delay, enjoy, escape, fancy, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, report, save, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand, etc.
Ej: They consider moving abroad.
Ej: she suggested goin to a movie.
Ej; she keeps talking about her problems. - 11Verbs that take either form with a small change in meaning:attempt, begin, bother, can't bear, can't stand, cease, continue, deserve, fear, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, start.
-Using a gerund suggests that you are referring to a real activity or exoerecience.
-Using infinitive suggests that you are talking about possiblr activity or experience. - 12Verbs that take either form, with big change in mening:-Forget/Remember:
>An earlier actio: ing
>To do a future action: to+inf
-Regret:
>feel sorrow about the past: ing
>to announce bad news: to+inf
-Stop:
>finish an action: ing
>finish an action in order to do another one: to+inf
-Try: ng
>do something to see what will happen: ing
>make an effort to do something difficult: to+inf
-Go on:
>continue: ing
>change to another action: to+inf - 13Multi-words: combination of lexical verbs + particle (adv. or prep)-Phrasal verbs: Intransitive - transitive.
>Intransitive: without object (I smiled)
>Transitive: need an object (I'm looking for my keys). The objcet can be in the middle (take off your shoes - take your shoes off) - 14Multi-words: combination of lexical verbs + particle (adv. or prep)-Prep. verb: two parts (verb and prep that can't be separated). Two types:
>T1: v + prep. + prep. o: the NP following the prep. is a Prep. O.
>T2: v + o + prep. + prep. o: ditransitive verbs. They are follwed by two NPs, the second one is the Prep. O. - 15Multi-words: combination of lexical verbs + particle (adv. or prep)-Phrasal prepositional verbs: sometimes phrasal verb is follwed by a preposition, which links it to a noun phrase. In such cases we may speak about Phrasal Prepositional Verbs. They are consist of V + ADV + PREP.
Ej: i look forward to chrismas. - 16Unidad 2: types of sentences: the simple sentence, the compound sentence, the complex sentence:Simple sentence: unit made up of one clause. SV
Compound sentence: unit made up of two or more clauses. (coordination)
Complex sentence: unit made up pf two or more clauses. (subordination). - 17Compound and complex conjunctions:-Compound: F A N B O Y S (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
-Complex:
>Simple: after, (al)though, as, because, before, if, how(ever), like, once, since, that, till, unless, until, where(ever), when(ever), whereas, whereby, whereupon, while, whilst.
>Compound: in that, so that, in order that, such that, except that, for all that. Now (that), providing (that), supposing (that), assuming (that), admitting (that). As soon as, as long as, so far as, so as. sooner than, rather than(non-finite cla), as if, as though, in case. - 18Syntactic features of coordinators:a) And, but and or -> restricted to initial position - 2nd clause.
EJ: He lives in Victoria, and he studies in UVic.
b) Coordinated clauses are sequentially fixed -> we can omit the nodal verb when they are the same.
EJ: You can take a bus or (you can) stay here.
c) Coordinators and, but and or are NOT preceded by conjunctions (and, or, but, as, that, than).
EJ: Women follow more healthful diets, and they go to doctors more often.
d) Coordinations can link clause constituents.
EJ: He may have recieved that letter but (he may have)forgotten to replay.
e) Coordinators can link subordinate clauses.
EJ: He asked to be transferred, because he was unhappy and he saw no prospect of promotion.
f) Coordinators can link more than two clauses (and - or).
EJ: The battery may be disconnected, (or) the connection may be loose, or the bulb may be fault. - 19Complex sentences:-Sentences containing two or more clauses.
-One main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
-The subordinate clause depends the main clause to be meaningful.
-Intoduced by a subordinate conjunction. - 20The structure of clauses: Finite-Finite: as first element in the verb phrase. Person and number concord between s and V. Modal aux. count as finite verbs. EJ: He is working hard.
- 21The srtucture of clauses: Non-finite-Non-finite: lack tense marker and not contain modals.
>To inf: It's useful to have studied English.
>Bare inf: They made her pay for the damage.
>Ing particle: After having dinner, we went to the cinema.
>Ed particle: Covered with confusion, they went home. - 22The structure of clauses: Verbless-Verbless: not contain verb element, missing form of be, subject recovery.
EJ: The oranges, when ripe, are picked and sorted mechanically. - 23Signals of subordination:a) That: I hope (that) you'll like this place.
b) A subordinating conjunction: I'll be surprised if he can do it.
c) A wh-word: We asked him where he'd been all night.
d) Inversion: Had I know, I wouldn't have come.
e) Lack of a finite verb: I hope to see you tonight. - 24Adverbial clause:They are dependent clauses which answer the questions "whay", "where", "when" or "how" (as adv). Always introduced by a subordinate conjunctions. EJ: I saw the movie BEFORE I left for Paris.
- 25Semantic functions of adverbial clauses:-Time clause.
-Clauses of place.
-Result clause.
-Clauses of reason.
-Clauses of purpose.
-Clauses of contrast.
-Concessive clauses.
-Clauses of condition.
-Clauses of manner. - 26Reducing clauses with a "be" verb:There some cases in which the adverbial clauses can have a different structure.
- 27Omission of the verb to be:-Finite: While se was studyind, Sarah fell asleep.
-Non-finite: While studying, Sarah fell asleep. - 28Reducing clauses which do not contain a be verb:-Before she goes to the train station, Maria will check the train schedule.
-Before going to the train station, Maria will check the train schedule. - 29Expressing simultaneous actions in adverbial clauses:- While they are riding their bikes, the students saw a circus coming into town. (finite)
- While riding their bikes. the students saw a circus coming into town. (non-finite)
- Riding their bikes, the students saw a circus coming into town. (non-finite)
- The students saw a circus coming into town while riding their bikes. (non-finite) - 30Conditional clauses:Main features:
-Consist of two clauses: Conditional clause (if clause) and main clause (result clause).
-4 basic conditional patterns.
-Subordinators and phrases that express consition.
-Different communicative functions.
-Variations in verb patterns.
-Inversion. - 31Types of conditionals:-Type 0: Real condition
>Present + Present
>General truth or sth which is always true.
>Ej: If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
-Type 1: Real possibility
>Present + Future
>Sth likely to happen in the present or future.
>Ej: I'll lend Peter money if he needs it.
-Type 2: Improbable
>Past/past c + would inf
>Imaginary situation contrary to facts in the present.
>Ej: If I had enough money, I'd buy a radio tomorrow. - 32Types of conditionals:-Type 3: contrary to fact
>Past perfect + would/could/might have particle.
>Imaginary situation contrary to facts in the past.
>Ej: You wouldn't have crashed if you had looked where you were going.
-Mixed 3 y 2: present result of a past condition
>past perfect + would inf
>Unreal situation with a present result.
>Ej: If I had listened to your advice, I wouldn't be in a mess.
-Mixed 2 y 3: past result of a present condition.
>Past + would have particle
>Unreal situation with a past reusult.
>Ej: If I were a good cook, I would have invited them to dinner. - 33Subject-operator inversion:Yu can omit the word "if" and replace with "had", "should" or "were".
Ej: -Should you hear anything, let me know.
-Were she my daughter, I would have punished her.
-Had I known, I would have protested strongly. - 34Conditional are usually introduced by "if" or "unless":Instead of if: providing, provided (that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), but for, otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, only if.
-You will get a seat providing/provided (that)/as long as/only if you reserve a ticket.
-Only if you reserve a ticket will you get a seat.
-Reserve a ticket, otherwise/or else you won 't get a seat - 35The future tense is not normally used with an if clause:Unless you leave now, you will be late.
- 36Communicative function:-Requesting: If youa are going into town, could you past this letter for me, please?
-Advising: If you headache persists, you should see a doctor.
-Criticizing: If you'd remembered your pastport, we wouldn't be in such a rash.
-Suggesting: We can go for a walk if you like.
-Offering: If you'd like a sandwich, just help yourself.
-Warning/threating: If you don't save the info to disk, tou risk losing it. - 37Unidad 3: Relative clause:A relative clause is also called adjective clause since it modifies its antecedent. A relative clause can modify any noun in the sentence: a subject, an object, an object of a prep.
A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, which, that, where, when, why. - 38Relative pronouns:
- 391. Restrictive, defining, or identifying RC:The info is essential to define the antecedent.
a) With personal wntecedet: That's the driver who/that overtook us five minutes ago.
b) With non-personal antecedent: That is the car which/that overtook us five minutes ago. - 402. Non-restrictive, non-defining, or non-identifying:The info is not necessary to define the antecedet.
a) With personal antecedent: The dead driver, who was very young, had just got his licence.
b) With non-personal anticident: Paul's garage, which my car had been taken, was not far away. - 41Restrictive, defining. identifying RC: As subjectThis RC modifies the subject of the main clause.
Who, that or which as the pronoun.
The driver of the blur van, who was drunk, caused the accident. - 42Restrictive, defining. identifying RC: As object:This RC modifies the object of the main clause.
A relative pronoun cam be the object of the RC.
The seafood that we ate last night wasn't very good. - 433. RC with antecedents referring to: Time, Place, Manner-Restrictive: I shall never forget the time when I first met you.
Can you show me the place where Mozart lived?
That is the reason why so many people attended the lecture.
-Non-restrictive: We will put off the picninc until next week, when the weather may be better.
They went to the Royal Theater, where they saw Shakespear's Romeo and Juliet. - 444. Sentential RC:The antecedent of a relative pronoun is the whole previous sentence. "Which" is used and a comma is needed.
She arrived an hour late, which annoyed them very much. - 455. Appositive clause:The head of the NP modifies an abstract noun. "That" is always used.
Thet fact that she didn't even read the letter is well-known. - 46Postmodification by non-finite clauses (Reduction):-ING particle clauses: smae subject, continuing action/situation/state, repeated action.
The man writing (who writes/who was writing) the obituaries is my friend.
-TO BE: The last person to leave (who leaves) will have to turn out the lights. - 47Postmodification by non-finite clauses (Reduction):-PASSIVE: They are trying to identify the body recovered (which was) from the river.
-PREPOSITION: The books on (which are) the desk belong to Peter. - 48Relative pronoun:
- 49Unidad 4: nominal clausesNoun clauses are dependent clauses that performe the same functions that regular nouns do. Noun clauses begin with that, questions wh, or if-whether.
- 50Syntactic and semantic function of NC:Syntactic: the same that NP have.
Semantically: abstract, events, facts, ideas. - 51Types:1. That clause:
2. Wh NC:
3 Yes - No NC:
4. Exclamative NC:
5. Ing NC: non-finite
6. To inf NC:
7. NRC
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- traductorado de inglés FlashCards sobre grammar II, criado por Guadalupe Viciana em 27-02-2024.
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- Criado por Guadalupe Viciana · 26 fev 2024
- Copiado por Guadalupe Viciana · 27 fev 2024
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